中国水稻土有机和无机碳的空间分布特征

农业土壤碳库对陆地生态系统碳循环的研究具有重要意义。水稻土是中国主要的耕作土壤,在土壤碳固定研究中具有现实意义。文章根据最近建成的中国1∶100万数字化土壤图和全国1490个水稻土剖面数据,估算我国水稻土碳密度和储量,并进一步分亚类和区域研究了水稻土碳库的分布特征。结果表明,中国水稻土面积为45.69×104km2,占我国土壤总面积的4.92%。中国水稻土无机碳的分布面积为5.93×104km2,仅占水稻土总面积的13%。水稻土碳密度具有高度的空间变异性,水稻土剖面0~100cm有机碳密度介于0.53kg·m-2~446.2kg·m-2之间,无机碳密度介于0.05kg·m-2~90.03kg·m-2。水稻土表层0~20cm有机碳密度介于0.17kg·m-2~55.38kg·m-2之间,无机碳密度介于0.01kg·m-2~21.85kg·m-2。中国水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm碳总储量分别为5.39Pg和1.79Pg。水稻土碳储量以有机碳为主,约占水稻土碳总储量的95%,水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm有机碳储量分别为5.09Pg和1.72Pg。水稻土无机碳储量较低,仅占水稻土碳总储量的5%左右,水稻土剖面0~100cm和表层0~20cm无机碳储量分别为0.30Pg和0.07Pg。     

Pesticide contamination profiles of water, sediment and aquatic organisms in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs, including DDT, HCH and HCB) and six indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) were measured in water, sediment, zooplankton, fish and Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) from Gaobeidian Lake, which is located in the effluent of Gaobeidian wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Beijing, China. DDTs were dominant except for in water. In water, the concentrations of DDTs (6.22 ng l(-1)) and HCHs (18.0 ng l(-1)) were less than the limits (l000 ng l(-1) for DDTs and 5000 ng l(-1) for HCHs). However, PCBs concentration (20.8 ng l(-1)) exceeded the limit (14 ng l(-1)) suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The high ratio of p,p'-DDT/DDTs (0.80) in water suggested that DDTs had recently been discharged into the ambient environment despite a longtime ban in China. For fish and Pelodiscus sinensis, the accumulation patterns of OCPs and PCBs were different in muscle and liver. And HCB and PCB 153 were significant different in different species (p<0.05). PCBs were dominated by PCB 52 in zooplankton, but by PCB 138 and 153 in Pelodiscus sinensis. The highest food web magnification factor (FWMF) was 4.83 for p,p'-DDT and the second highest was 4.36 for PCB 101 in Gaobeidian Lake. As compared with the other studies, biomagnification in the present study was not obvious. Trophic levels and age were two important factors that might contribute to the bioaccumulation in the present study.     

协同创新视角下资环专业研究生科技创新能力提升途径

资源循环科学与工程专业硕士毕业生存在规模小、科技创新能力不足、能力施展受限等问题,无法满足产业对高层次人才的需求。究其原因有:(1)新兴专业,其研究生导师队伍建设不健全,人才培养质量参差不齐;(2)交叉专业,其科技创新能力培养方向尚需融合凝练;(3)综合专业,其现有科研平台还不足以支撑学科发展,科技创新能力培养模式还没有完全形成。因此,本学科研究生培养单位应树立协同创新理念,坚持行业需求导向,充分挖掘办学特色和优势,凝练培养方向、完善以科技创新能力培养核心的研究生培养方案;加强师资队伍建设,建立健全科研平台;支持鼓励科技创新实践活动,做好学科前沿追踪;加强校校交流互动,提升硕士点认可度。     

无人机数字摄影测量与激光雷达在地形地貌与地表覆盖研究中的应用及比较

无人机数字摄影测量（UAV-DAP）与激光雷达（LiDAR）凭借其机动灵活、高效便捷和高分辨率的特点,在地形地貌、生态监测、工程勘察、环境规划、林业资源清查等领域得到广泛应用。本文针对数字摄影测量与激光雷达的技术特征和应用趋势,着重比较两者在数据采集、数据处理、应用领域以及成本耗费等方面的区别,分析了两种技术在林业资源清查、地形地貌研究、灾害防控等领域的最新应用动态,并且基于两者的技术特点和发展动态提出了进一步的可能应用前景。基于运动结构重建算法的数字摄影测量技术获得的数字地表模型在一定条件下可以达到激光雷达技术的超高空间分辨率程度（如0.2 m×0.2 m）,但是数字摄影无法穿透植被冠层,而激光雷达可以较好地穿透植被层从而获取植被及地表信息。然而数字摄影测量技术设备简单、操作方便,成本低廉,并具有较高的空间分辨率,因而能够和高精度、高耗费、大数据量的激光雷达技术形成优势互补。无人机数字摄影测量与激光雷达技术是林业资源清查、地形地貌研究、灾害防控等领域在快速响应、高精度调查、多时期扫描等方面进一步发展的重要突破口。     

Enhanced phosphate removal using zirconium hydroxide encapsulated in quaternized cellulose

Zirconium-based materials are efficient adsorbent for aqueous phosphate removal. However, current zirconium-based materials still show unsatisfied performance on adsorption capacity and selectivity. Here, we demonstrate a zirconium hydroxide encapsulated in quaternized cellulose (QC–Zr) for the selective phosphate removal. Zirconium hydroxide nanoparticles were simultaneously generated in situ with the QC framework and firmly anchored in the three-dimensional (3D) cross-linked cellulose chains. The maximum P adsorption capacity of QC–Zr was 83.6 mg P/g. Furthermore, the QC–Zr shows high P adsorption performance in a wide pH range, generally due to the electrostatic effects of quaternized cellulose. The enhanced adsorption of P was also achieved in the presence of competing anions (including Cl^?, NO₃^?, ${\text{SO}}_4^{2?}$, ${\text{SO}}_4^{\mathrm{4}?}$) and humic acid (HA) even at a molar ratio up to 20 levels. The column adsorption capacity of QC–Zr reached 4000 bed volumes (BV) at EBCT = 0.5 min as the P concentration decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 mg/L. Mechanism study revealed that both –N⁺(CH₃)₃ groups and zirconium hydroxide were involved in phosphate adsorption via electrostatic interactions between –N⁺(CH₃)₃ and phosphate, and the formation of zirconium hydrogen phosphate (Zr(HPO₄)x). The ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study implied that P surface–precipitated and inner–sphere complexed with zirconium hydroxide at a ratio of 3:1.     

渗滤湿地系统的工艺设计

本研究是以占地6公顷,日处理污水1400m~3的渗滤型芦苇湿地实验工程为依托,采用静态模拟与工程运转相结合的方法,着重对污水湿地处理系统BOD_5的生物降解模型进行研究,建立了确定Q值和K_T值的方法,提出了适于天津渗滤湿地系统的Q值和K_T值,为湿地系统设计提供了重要的科学依据.     

辽宁地区降水pH值分布特征探讨

本文通过对辽宁地区降水ｐＨ值分析、研究，得出全省降水ｐＨ值时空分布特征和规律．对于研究辽宁地区酸雨污染现状、预测发展趋势及酸雨污染防治提供了科学依据．     

糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解生物化学甲烷势分析

在中温条件下,对pH值和营养比例2个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析,探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况,以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系.研究结果表明,厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低,COD去除率最高可达90.6%.在调节营养比例的条件下,pH=8.5时甲烷菌活性最佳,其中COD:P=300:1的产甲烷量最高.     

含滑石粉的环保型聚乙烯包装材料的可环境消纳性能研究

借助人工加速老化、自然土壤填埋等实验方法 ,采用力学性能测试、扫描电镜 (SEM)、热重 -红外联用仪 (TG IR)等测试方法 ,对所研制的含滑石粉的环保型聚乙烯 (PE)塑料包装材料的可环境消纳性能进行探讨。实验结果表明 ,以PE为主材料 ,添加不易分解的滑石粉、生物活性剂、FeSt3 MnSt2 复合光敏剂 ,研制出的高填充可降解的PE塑料薄膜 ,具有良好的光 -生物降解性能 ,且可适用于焚烧处理。     

糖蜜酒精废液厌氧生物降解生物化学甲烷势分析

在中温条件下，对pH值和营养比例2个影响因素进行了糖蜜酒精废液的BMP分析，探讨酒精废液在厌氧消化过程中产甲烷量、COD浓度的变化情况，以及COD去除率与产气量、pH值之间的关系。研究结果表明，厌氧处理法能够使糖蜜酒精废液的有机负荷大大降低，COD去除率最高可达90．6％。在调节营养比例的条件下，pH=8．5时甲烷菌活性最佳，其中COD：P=300：1的产甲烷量最高。