高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法测定南极样品中有机氯农药

建立了同位素稀释-高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法(HRGC/HRMS)测定南极土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中23种有机氯农药的分析方法.样品经冷冻干燥、研磨处理后用正己烷∶二氯甲烷(1∶1,V∶V)混合溶剂进行加速溶剂萃取(ASE),萃取液经硅胶-氧化铝层析柱和C18小柱净化后,进HRGC/HRMS检测分析.样品中目标物定量采用平均相对响应因子法,6点标准曲线响应因子的相对标准偏差(RSD)≤20%,方法的线性范围为0.4—800μg·L-1,回收率在62%—101%之间.实际样品分析结果表明,23种OCPs的加标回收率为40%—100%,在土壤、苔藓和地衣样品中的检出限(LODs)分别为0.024—5.01、0.2—12.2、0.020—13.7 pg·g-1,可以满足南极环境样品中有机氯农药的检测分析.     

Levels and profiles of Dechlorane Plus in a major E-waste dismantling area in China

Dechlorane Plus (DP) is a high-production volume, chlorinated flame retardant comprising two major isomers, syn- and anti-DP. In this study, levels of DP were measured in soil and earthworm samples in farmland from a typical E-waste dismantling area in China. The concentrations of total DP ranged from 0.17 to 1,990 ng g^?1 dw in soil samples and 3.43 to 89.2 ng g^?1 lw in earthworm samples. Higher DP levels were found in some main E-waste dismantling sites than those in other sites. The ratios of anti-DP to total DP (f _anti) ranged from 0.57 to 0.80 in soil samples and 0.47 to 0.81 in earthworm samples, respectively. The f _anti in most samples in this study was in the range of the reported technical DP values. These results showed that improper E-waste dismantling activities could result in the emission of DP. Most earthworm samples showed very low BSAFs (biota-to-soil accumulation factors) for total DP. The values of BSAF were in the range of 0.0007–1.85, with an average value of 0.23. This study presents the first report of the DP in earthworms, which would be useful for ecological risk assessment of DP in terrestrial ecosystem.     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定废水中喹乙醇和3种四环素类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时检测废水中喹乙醇、土霉素(OTC)、四环素(TC)和金霉素(CTC)的分析方法。实验对前处理方法和色谱条件进行了探讨和优化,结果表明水样pH值为2.5,不加提取剂时Oasis HLB柱的纯化富集效果最好,液相色谱在375 nm处对四种物质的分离性能最佳。该方法具有良好的线性关系(r>0.999),最低检出限为11～26 ug/L。喹乙醇和3种四环素类抗生素的加标回收率分别为91%～95%,90%～91%,86%～90%和81%～86%,相对标准偏差为3.4%～6.3%。     

潮汐作用下短叶茳芏湿地N2O排放规律及踩踏干扰研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱及浮箱-气相色谱法,对闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地潮间带短叶茳芏（Cyperus malaccensis var.brevifolius）湿地和踩踏造成的裸露湿地N2O通量进行测定。结果表明,短叶茳芏湿地在涨潮前、涨落潮中和落潮后N2O通量差异性极显著（P=0.001〈0.01）,不同潮日（7 d内）的N2O通量差异性不显著（P=0.103〉0.05）。涨潮前、涨落潮过程中和落潮后,短叶茳芏湿地平均通量分别为19.48μg.m-2.h-1、12.80μg.m-2.h-1和51.41μg.m-2.h-1,总平均通量为33.1μg.m-2.h-1,表明白天短叶茳芏湿地为N2O的排放源。涨潮前,末次观测短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量最低,多数都为负值,落潮后过2~3 h,短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量出现日最大值。踩踏改变了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量规律并降低了短叶茳芏湿地N2O通量。涨潮前,裸露湿地N2O平均排放量（27.25μg.m-2.h-1）低于短叶茳芏湿地（42.51μg.m-2.h-1）,但差异性不显著（P=0.527〉0.05）;落潮后,裸露湿地N2O平均排放量（0.86μg.m-2.h-1）极显著低于短叶茳芏湿地（63.59μg.m-2.h-1）（P=0.006〈0.01）。     

Distribution,seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans,polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing,China

Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³, 38.6–139 and 1.5–176 pg/m³, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3–99.4 pg/m³) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7–71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China.     

不同水生植物对滇池入湖河道污水净化效能的比较

有关水生植物净化污水的研究已有广泛报道,但现有成果多来源于静态的室内研究,所用植物多为生活型接近的物种.为了比较不同生活型植物对河道污水的原位净化效果差异,构建了由水芹菜(Oenanthe javavdnica)、马尾草(Equisetum flu-viatile)、伊乐藻(Elodea Canadensis Michx.)和狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum L.)等4种不同生活型水生植物组成的水生植物塘系统,研究塘中不同植物对滇池入湖河道污水中氮、磷等指标去除效能的差异.结果表明:4种植物都具有一定的抗水力冲击负荷能力,能适应河道污水水质和水量均不稳定的动态变化特征,并对污水中CODCr、NH3-N、NO3-N、TN和TP等指标均有去除作用;但各种植物对不同指标的去除能力有较大差异,其中浮水植物水芹菜和沉水植物狐尾藻综合净化效能较强.整个植物塘系统对CODCr的去除率最高,达到41.4%;而对NO3-N的去除率最低,只有5.7%.研究成果对滇池人湖河流及其它类似污染水体的生态治理具有示范作用.     

Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity

This study aimed to develop original laboratory culture and sediment toxicity testing protocols for the freshwater gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa(Reeve),a new potential species for sediment toxicity testing.B.aeruginosa was successfully cultured with an effective culture system under proposed laboratory conditions.Optimal ad libitum feeding levels for larvae,juveniles,and adults were 2.0,6.0,and 16.0 mg fish food/(snail·day),respectively.Mean survival rates of juveniles were higher than 90%.The snails could be sexed at 9 weeks of age,and their generation time is approximately 4 months.Reproduction continued all year around;the mean fecundity was 0.55 newborn/(female·day).The utility of this species for bioassays was evaluated in both 10-day and 28-day case studies with artificial sediments.The 10-day LC50 of Cu for larvae was 480 μg/g dry weight(dw),and the lowest observed effects concentration of Cu for survival and growth of larvae was 195 μg/g dw.Survival and growth are reliable indicators of acute toxicity.Larvae accumulated more Cu than adults.B.aeruginosa exhibited a higher sensitivity to Cu exposure than standard test species(Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans).The 28-day test of sediment toxicity with adults showed that fecundity was a robust endpoint indicator of reproductive toxicity,and the biochemical endpoints of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione could be used as sensitive biomarkers for Cu-induced oxidative damage.B.aeruginosa can be therefore recommended as a candidate for the standardization of the freshwater sediment toxicity test protocol.     

桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附性能研究

桐油加工过程中的副产品——桐壳由于含碳量高,可作为制备活性炭的理想原料之一,这是农林固废资源化综合利用的有效途径。本文考察了桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附规律,以及在不同吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、活性炭投加量、溶液pH值等条件下,桐壳基活性炭对水中苯胺的吸附性能,希望能为桐壳的资源化综合利用及含苯胺废水的净化处理提供参考价值。     

基于层次分析法的莆田市生态环境可持续发展力评价

文章以环境学、生态学、可持续发展理论为基础,通过对莆田市环境现状及社会经济进行分析,首次建立了莆田市生态环境可持续发展力指标体系。运用层次分析法确定评价指标体系中各项指标的权重,最终进行莆由市的现状生态环境可持续发展力评价及指标体系综合指数的计算验证。结果表明莆田市生态环境可持续发展能力较好,基本能够满足当地可持续发展的要求。     

5·12汶川地震对军队和医院后勤保障工作的启示

汶川8.0级地震具有突发性强,破坏性巨大,影响范围广,继发灾害多等特点,造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失。这次地震对我国现有的地震应急后勤保障工作是一次全面的检查和考验。根据军队在地震灾时后勤保障遇到的问题,提出了完善物资储备机制,夯实后勤保障的物质基础;完善交通运输机制,提高后勤物资输送能力的方针。针对医院后勤保障在灾时遇到通讯保障能力不足、信息报送滞后、医疗环境差、医疗设备陈旧、物资储备不足等问题,也给出了相应的处置对策和方法。