5·12汶川地震对军队和医院后勤保障工作的启示

汶川8.0级地震具有突发性强,破坏性巨大,影响范围广,继发灾害多等特点,造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失。这次地震对我国现有的地震应急后勤保障工作是一次全面的检查和考验。根据军队在地震灾时后勤保障遇到的问题,提出了完善物资储备机制,夯实后勤保障的物质基础;完善交通运输机制,提高后勤物资输送能力的方针。针对医院后勤保障在灾时遇到通讯保障能力不足、信息报送滞后、医疗环境差、医疗设备陈旧、物资储备不足等问题,也给出了相应的处置对策和方法。     

Laboratory culture of the freshwater benthic gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa （Reeve） and its utility as a test species for sediment toxicity

This study aimed to develop original laboratory culture and sediment toxicity testing protocols for the freshwater gastropod Bellamya aeruginosa(Reeve),a new potential species for sediment toxicity testing.B.aeruginosa was successfully cultured with an effective culture system under proposed laboratory conditions.Optimal ad libitum feeding levels for larvae,juveniles,and adults were 2.0,6.0,and 16.0 mg fish food/(snail·day),respectively.Mean survival rates of juveniles were higher than 90%.The snails could be sexed at 9 weeks of age,and their generation time is approximately 4 months.Reproduction continued all year around;the mean fecundity was 0.55 newborn/(female·day).The utility of this species for bioassays was evaluated in both 10-day and 28-day case studies with artificial sediments.The 10-day LC50 of Cu for larvae was 480 μg/g dry weight(dw),and the lowest observed effects concentration of Cu for survival and growth of larvae was 195 μg/g dw.Survival and growth are reliable indicators of acute toxicity.Larvae accumulated more Cu than adults.B.aeruginosa exhibited a higher sensitivity to Cu exposure than standard test species(Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans).The 28-day test of sediment toxicity with adults showed that fecundity was a robust endpoint indicator of reproductive toxicity,and the biochemical endpoints of superoxide dismutase,catalase,and glutathione could be used as sensitive biomarkers for Cu-induced oxidative damage.B.aeruginosa can be therefore recommended as a candidate for the standardization of the freshwater sediment toxicity test protocol.     

多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床光催化降解双酚A

悬浮浆态光催化反应体系具有固-液接触面积大、过程效率高和处理量较大的优点,但存在浆态体系中纳米催化剂难于分离回收的问题,为解决这一难题,提出了在废水污染物光催化降解过程中使用易于沉降分离的微米级颗粒光催化荆,并与新设计的多层光源内置式气-液-固循环流化床相结合组成的光催化反应体系.以微米级颗粒Gd-TiO2为光催化剂,...     

不同植被恢复方式对盐湖周边地区物种多样性影响的研究

吉兰泰盐湖位于内蒙古自治区阿拉善左旗。通过样方法调查了5种植被恢复方式下各实验地的物种多样性、丰富度指数、均匀度指数。研究结果表明：（1）Simpson多样性指数：保护造林区〉标准造林区〉对照区〉封育区〉封育灌溉区;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数：保护造林区〉标准造林区〉封育区〉对照区〉封育灌溉区;（2）Gleason和Margalef丰富度指数：保护造林区〉封育区〉标准造林区〉对照区〉封育灌溉区;（3）Pielou（E）和Pielou（Jsi）均匀度指数：封育灌溉区〉对照区〉标准造林区〉封育区〉保护造林区。     

无人机数字摄影测量与激光雷达在地形地貌与地表覆盖研究中的应用及比较

无人机数字摄影测量（UAV-DAP）与激光雷达（LiDAR）凭借其机动灵活、高效便捷和高分辨率的特点,在地形地貌、生态监测、工程勘察、环境规划、林业资源清查等领域得到广泛应用。本文针对数字摄影测量与激光雷达的技术特征和应用趋势,着重比较两者在数据采集、数据处理、应用领域以及成本耗费等方面的区别,分析了两种技术在林业资源清查、地形地貌研究、灾害防控等领域的最新应用动态,并且基于两者的技术特点和发展动态提出了进一步的可能应用前景。基于运动结构重建算法的数字摄影测量技术获得的数字地表模型在一定条件下可以达到激光雷达技术的超高空间分辨率程度（如0.2 m×0.2 m）,但是数字摄影无法穿透植被冠层,而激光雷达可以较好地穿透植被层从而获取植被及地表信息。然而数字摄影测量技术设备简单、操作方便,成本低廉,并具有较高的空间分辨率,因而能够和高精度、高耗费、大数据量的激光雷达技术形成优势互补。无人机数字摄影测量与激光雷达技术是林业资源清查、地形地貌研究、灾害防控等领域在快速响应、高精度调查、多时期扫描等方面进一步发展的重要突破口。     

北京市大气中多氯联苯的污染水平和分布特征

利用XAD树脂被动采样技术和同位素稀释高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法(HRGC/HRMS)研究了2012年11月至2014年1月北京地区大气中多氯联苯(PCBs)的污染现状、区域分布特征及季节性变化规律.结果表明,北京大气中19种PCBs总浓度为8.42—45.2 pg·m-3(平均值23.1 pg·m-3),各采样点全年平均毒性当量范围为0.33—3.33 fg WHO-TEQ m-3(平均值1.85 fg WHO-TEQ m-3).PCB-11浓度范围为27.9—136pg·m-3,平均值为78.2 pg·m-3.大气中的PCBs以低氯代(2—5氯代)PCBs为主.季节变化规律呈现出夏/秋季节PCBs浓度高于冬/春季节的规律;区域分布特征呈现出人口密集的城区大于背景区、工业区大于城区的规律.     

Distribution,seasonal variation and inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans,polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the atmosphere of Beijing,China

Spatial distribution, seasonal variation and potential inhalation risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in the atmosphere of Beijing, using passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks. Concentrations of ΣPCDD/Fs, ΣPCBs and ΣPBDEs ranged from 8.4 to 179 fg WHO₂₀₀₅-TEQ/m³, 38.6–139 and 1.5–176 pg/m³, respectively. PCDFs showed higher air concentrations than those of PCDDs, indicating the influence of industrial activities and other combustion processes. The non-Aroclor congener, PCB-11, was detected in air (12.3–99.4 pg/m³) and dominated the PCB congener profiles (61.7–71.5% to ∑PCBs). The congener patterns of PBDEs showed signatures from both penta-BDE and octa-BDE products. Levels of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs at the industrial and residential sites were higher than those at rural site, indicating human activities in urban area as potential sources. Higher air concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs were observed in summer, which could be associated with atmospheric deposition process, re-volatilization from soil surface and volatilization from use of technical products, respectively. Results of inhalation exposure and cancer risk showed that atmospheric PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs and PBDEs did not cause high risks to the local residents of Beijing. This study provides further aid in evaluating emission sources, influencing factors and potential inhalation risks of the persistent organic pollutants to human health in mega-cities of China.     

碳氮比对稻草和猪粪生物处理及厌氧消化的影响

以农业废弃物稻草和猪粪为发酵原料,首次采用纤维素降解复合菌系对稻草和猪粪混合物进行生物处理,通过考察不同碳氮比(25∶1、30∶1、35∶1和40∶1)条件下稻草和猪粪混合物生物预处理的发酵特征及后续的产甲烷能力,探讨了碳氮比对稻草和猪粪的协同生物预处理及厌氧消化效果的影响.结果表明,控制碳氮比为30∶1、料水比为11%时,稻草和猪粪混合物经纤维素降解复合菌系于55℃预处理30 h后其厌氧消化效果最佳.在此条件下,稻草和猪粪降解液中滤纸酶活和羧甲基纤维素酶酶活分别达到了2.18和2.31 IU,其失重率高达41.69%;随后经厌氧发酵后其甲烷产率和产甲烷速率分别可达318.14 m L·g-1(以VS计)和10.61 m L·d-1·g-1(以VS计),且总量为9.9 g的稻草和猪粪混合物的总甲烷产量可达1948 m L,上述结果相对于未经生物预处理的对照组均提高了38%.本研究结果可进一步为其它种类的农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便的高效资源化利用提供理论支撑,展现出了巨大的应用潜力.     

荧光定量PCR检测生物强化SBR系统中苯胺降解菌的数量变化

生物强化SBR系统中苯胺降解菌Pseudomonas otitidis strain JY9在降解苯胺废水过程中发挥重要作用.本研究根据该菌株的邻苯二酚1,2双加氧酶(C12O)的基因序列,设计特异引物,扩增特异片段并克隆到PGM-T载体中,以此重组质粒为参照,系统活性污泥中提取的总DNA为模板,应用实时荧光定量PCR方法定量检测该菌在苯胺废水生物强化SBR系统中的丰度变化.同时应用高效液相色谱法检测系统中苯胺的残留.结果表明,苯胺初始浓度在200~500 mg·L-1范围内,苯胺降解率均达到96%以上.并且SBR反应系统活性污泥中每单位(mg)MLVSS的C12O基因拷贝数随苯胺浓度的升高而显著上升,最高拷贝数达到2.7×109个,表明该菌的数量随苯胺浓度的升高而显著上升.结果显示,在苯胺去除过程中Pseudomonas otitidis strain JY9的投加能够稳定活性污泥中的MLVSS,当含有高浓度苯胺废水系统运行稳定时,该降解菌逐渐成为活性污泥当中的优势菌.     

纤维素降解复合菌系中纤维结合蛋白的分离及鉴定

采用亲和消化法分离纯化了纤维素降解复合菌系中的纤维素结合蛋白,纯化后的纤维结合蛋白液经SDS-PAGE(聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳)后得到13条条带(命名为CBP1~13),通过对其进行酶谱分析,发现低分子量的蛋白主要表现CMC(羧甲基纤维素钠)酶活性,而高分子量(66~200 k Da)的蛋白兼有CMC酶和木聚糖酶的活性,其中纤维结合蛋白CBP6表现出的木聚糖酶和CMC酶活性最强.这些条带经质谱鉴定后被确定由8种蛋白组成,除CBP4为Paenibacillus sp.分泌的木聚糖酶5外,其余的蛋白均由C.clariflavum DSM 19732所产生,其中CBP1~3为β-1,4木聚糖酶,CBP5,6为碳水化合物结合蛋白,CBP7~9,11,12为锚定蛋白,CBP10和CBP13为未知蛋白.通过结构域预测,发现除纤维结合蛋白CBP13外所有的蛋白均具有一种催化结构域,分别隶属于第8、9、10及48家族的糖苷水解酶,而部分蛋白(CBP1,2,4~6)还具有碳水化合物结构域或者锚定蛋白结构域(CBP5~12).