持久性有机污染物在食物链中积累与放大研究进展

研究持久性有机污染物(Persistent organic pollutants,POPs)在食物链中的积累与放大是进行环境风险评估和有效污染控制的生态学基础.本文综述了POPs的基本特征,POPs在食物链中的生物积累与放大的机制、影响因素以及POPs在食物链中积累与放大的模型等的研究进展.国外学者对POPs在水生食物链的积累与放大方面研究较多,并提出了较为完善的预测模型,而有关POPs在陆生食物链中的生物积累与放大的研究报道较少.大部分学者并未对完整食物链进行过系统而完整的研究.与国外相比,国内学者对POPs在水生陆生食物链中的生物积累、生物放大和预测模型探讨较少.目前POPs对环境和人体健康危害越来越严重,开展对POPs在食物链中积累、放大及相关预测模型更深入更完整的研究,已成为当前生态学和环境科学研究的重点课题和前沿领域.     

Historical trends of PCBs and PBDEs as reconstructed in a lake sediment from southern Tibetan Plateau

High-altitude lake sediment can be used as a natural archive to reconstruct the history of pollutants. In this work, the temporal distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined using a high-resolution gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometer (HRGC/HRMS) in an alpine lake sediment core collected from the southern Tibetan Plateau (TP) to examine whether the expected decreasing trends due to the implementation of the international Conventions could be observed. The concentrations of PCBs and PBDEs in the sediment core were in the range of 11.8–142 pg/g dw and ND-457 pg/g dw, and their fluxes were in the range of 2.51–31.7 ng/(m²·yr) and ND-43.2 ng/(m²·yr), respectively. The prevalence of low-chlorinated (tri-CB) PCBs and low-brominated (tri- to tetra-) PBDEs in most sections of the sediment profiles was observed, suggesting that the light molecular weight PCBs and PBDEs have most likely reached lake sediments by long-range atmospheric transport from distant sources. Despite the restrictions on their applications, the sediment records for the concentrations and fluxes showed no corresponding decreasing trend with restrictions for PCBs, which suggested that these POPs (e.g., PCBs) were still emitted to the environment owing to the influence of primary or secondary emissions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on input history of atmospheric PCBs and PBDEs recorded in TP Lake sediment.     

纤维素降解复合菌系的微生物多样性及关键功能菌解析

为分析纤维素降解复合菌系中微生物多样性及关键功能菌,本研究通过梯度稀释法观察不同梯度下滤纸降解及酶活变化情况,确定复合菌系实现滤纸有效降解的临界点为10-5;在此基础上结合高通量测序技术对不同稀释度下的稀释液进行测序.研究结果表明,具有降解能力的稀释液(稀释度≤10-5)与无降解能力的稀释液(稀释度10-5)微生物组成差异显著.从门水平热图看,Firmicutes和Proteobacteria为复合菌系的优势菌门;在属水平上,复合菌系中协同降解纤维素的菌株主要属于Clostridium、Petrobacter、Defluviitalea等属,Clostridium属在有降解能力(稀释度≤10-5)的稀释液中丰度较高,而随着稀释度的增大,在无降解能力(稀释度10-5)的稀释液中几乎消失.经分析判断梭菌属Clostridium是纤维素降解复合菌系的关键功能属,它们与Petrobacter、Defluviitalea等菌属协同作用从而实现纤维素的高效降解.     

基于地球物理方法的垃圾处理场污染物检测技术研究

传统检测技术存在磁化率和电阻率变化不明显等问题,导致检测效果差,提出基于地球物理方法的垃圾处理场污染物检测技术。构建非预先处理三维在线检测系统,实时采集电阻率,对电性出现的异常情况进行检测,获取物理土壤物性,根据垃圾处理场的地理结构,将垃圾场分为建筑垃圾和生活垃圾,并分析地质剖面结构图;采用地球物理法对测线进行布置,并对电性和土壤磁性变化展开分析,以此为基础对污染物进行检测。通过实验验证,该检测技术与传统技术相比磁化率和电阻率变化明显,检测效果良好。     

山东省高速公路主要绿化树木叶片硫、铅含量分析

汽车尾气会给高速公路路域环境带来一定程度的硫(S)、铅(Pb)污染,而绿化树木可通过吸收作用从而有效降低这些污染物在空气中的含量,目前这方面的研究较少。对山东省高速公路路侧主要绿化树木叶片S、P质量分数的研究表明,I107杨树(Populus Linn.)叶片S、Pb质量分数与高速公路车流量呈显著正相关。I107杨树叶片S、Pb质量分数对高速公路路域环境污染具有一定指示作用,不同路段杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数存在明显差异,济青高速公路路侧杨树叶片的S、Pb质量分数最高,其次是京沪高速,最低的是日东高速。I107杨和龙柏对S污染物的吸收能力较强,其次是垂柳(Salix babylonica L.),较差的是紫叶李(Prunus cerasifera cv.Pissardii.)、大叶女贞(Ligustrum lucidumAit)和雪松(Cedrus deodara(Roxb.)Loud);而I107杨和紫叶李对Pb的吸收能力较强。     

Performance of pond–wetland complexes as a preliminary processor of drinking water sources

Shijiuyang Constructed Wetland(110 hm~2) is a drinking water source treatment wetland with primary structural units of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems. The wetland can process about 250,000 tonnes of source water in the Xincheng River every day and supplies raw water for Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant. Daily data for 28 months indicated that the major water quality indexes of source water had been improved by one grade. The percentage increase for dissolved oxygen and the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen, iron and manganese were 73.63%, 38.86%, 35.64%, and 22.14% respectively. The treatment performance weight of ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems was roughly equal but they treated different pollutants preferentially. Most water quality indexes had better treatment efficacy with increasing temperature and inlet concentrations. These results revealed that the pond–wetland complexes exhibited strong buffering capacity for source water quality improvement. The treatment cost of Shijiuyang Drinking Water Plant was reduced by about 30.3%. Regional rainfall significantly determined the external river water levels and adversely deteriorated the inlet water quality, thus suggesting that the "hidden" diffuse pollution in the multitudinous stream branches as well as their catchments should be the controlling emphases for river source water protection in the future. The combination of pond and plant-bed/ditch systems provides a successful paradigm for drinking water source pretreatment. Three other drinking water source treatment wetlands with ponds and plant-bed/ditch systems are in operation or construction in the stream networks of the Yangtze River Delta and more people will be benefited.     

我国海滩垃圾污染现状及控制对策

为明晰我国各海域的海滩垃圾污染状况及垃圾主要来源,在我国各海区选择24个代表性采样点,共86个调查样方,对我国各海域的海滩垃圾的种类、来源进行了详细调查和重点区域的跟踪调查.结果表明:我国海滩垃圾平均个数为1.03 m-2,其中塑料类最多(占37.37%),其次为泡沫类(占35.67%);总密度为15.91 g/m2,塑料类密度(3.62 g/m2)最大,其次为织物(布)类(2.87 g/m2)和木制品类(1.97 g/m2);主要来源是生活垃圾和旅游垃圾,分别占垃圾总量的39.26%和25.23%;对照国际国内相关调查资料,我国海洋垃圾的污染呈逐渐恶化的趋势,总体形势不容乐观.针对我国海洋垃圾的污染控制,提出应通过进一步海洋垃圾污染调查工作,从制订污染防治监督管理办法、编制污染防治专项规划等方面入手理清各部门管理权责;同时以政府为主导,联合公众、企业、NGO(非政府组织)等多方力量,建立海洋垃圾回收资源化示范点,开展海洋垃圾宣传、清理和海滩清扫活动等控制对策.      

环境空气中臭氧的催化消除

以浸渍法在涂有γAl2O3的蜂窝陶瓷上担载贵金属,以过渡金属氧化物作助剂,通过改变助剂、助剂含量及焙烧温度,寻找出低温下较佳的臭氧分解催化剂：Pd／6．7％Mn-Al2O3-coated及在400～500℃焙烧的Au／37．5％Mn-Al23-coated,尤其是后者,在45℃,空速为22333h^-1,臭氧转化率可达90．1％。以等体积浸渍法制备活性炭负载的单、双过渡金属氧化物催化剂,考察活性组分对催化活性的影响。用XPS进行表征,观察到第二金属(如Cu)的引入导致Mn2p1／2、Mn2p3／2电子结合能向低处位移,从而表明催化剂表面提供的活性位锰有所增加,评价结果为双金属氧化物催化剂比单一金属氧化物催化剂活性有大幅提高。     

中国自然灾害综合研究的进展

为了了解我国的灾情总况,研究多国自然灾害的总体特点和规律,提出了我国宏观减灾对策,为此,研究组做了量研究工作,本文从九个方面概述了中国自然灾害综合研究的进展状况。     

Initiatives and outcomes of green supply chain management implementation by Chinese manufacturers

This paper aims to explore the green supply chain management (GSCM) initiatives (implementation) of various manufacturing industrial sectors in China and examine the links between GSCM initiatives and performance outcomes. We conducted a survey to collect data from four typical manufacturing industrial sectors in China, namely, power generating, chemical/petroleum, electrical/electronic and automobile, and received 171 valid organizational responses for data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data. The results are consistent with our prediction that the different manufacturing industry types display different levels of GSCM implementation and outcomes. We specifically found that the electrical/electronic industry has relatively higher levels of GSCM implementation and achieves better performance outcomes than the other three manufacturer types. Implications of the results are discussed and suggestions for further research on the implementation of GSCM are offered.