A review on analytical methods for pharmaceutical and personal care products and their transformation products

Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and corresponding transformation products have caused widespread concern due to their persistent emissions and potential toxicity. They have wide octanol-water partition coefficients (K_ow) and different ionization constants (pK_a) resulting in a poor analysis accuracy and efficiency. A suitable analytical method is the first prerequisite for further research on their environmental behavior to prioritize the substances. This study reviewed a full-scale analytical protocol for environmental samples in the recent ten years: from sampling to instrumental methods. Passive sampling techniques were compared and recommended for long-term continuous and scientific observation. A quick and effective sample extraction and clean-up method are highly required. Chromatographic methods coupled to mass spectrometry for determining PPCPs with a wide range of logK_ow (?7.53 to 10.80) were summed up. High-resolution mass spectrometry was confirmed to be a promising strategy for screening unknown transformation products, which would provide a nanogram level of detection limits and more accurate mass resolution. Screening strategies and mass change principles were summarized in detail. The recovery rate was important in multiple contaminants analysis identification and factors affecting the recovery rate of PPCPs were also discussed in this review, including sample matrix, target compounds characteristics, extraction method and solid-phase adsorbent. This review provides useful information for the selection of appropriate analytical methods and future development directions.     

两种含水率水稻堆垛的着火与蔓延燃烧特性实验研究

粮食安全事关国计民生,近年来粮仓火灾多发,对于粮食火灾安全的基础性研究,显得愈加迫切。基于自主设计的贯穿气流条件下的散粒堆垛引燃与蔓延燃烧特性研究实验平台,针对两种含水率水稻,在不同贯穿气流条件下,开展了引燃与内部蔓延燃烧特性研究。结果表明,水稻含水率对其燃烧特性具有重要影响,即,对于13%含水率水稻,采用高温电热细棒插入堆垛内进行引燃45 min,并未引燃;然而,对于3%含水率水稻,仅引燃4 min,堆垛即形成迅速剧烈蔓延燃烧,中心区域燃烧温度高达1 200 ℃,最大蔓延速度约0.8 cm/s,引燃前的最大升温速率约200 ℃/min。此外, 结果还表明,贯穿气流条件下,远离中心区域的四周水稻升温较慢且剩余一些最终未引燃,水稻堆垛内部主要呈向下且不断扩大的蔓延燃烧特征。最后,13%含水率水稻被灼热引火源作用结束后形成的碳化圈大小表明,机械通风气调作用对于灼热源的引燃作用具有一定的抑制作用。     

化学实验室“三废”及其处理方法

通常情况下,当化学实验室在合理应用过程中会产生一定的有毒气体、液体或者是废渣,这些都是化学实验室"三废"的组成部分。如果不对这些"三废"问题进行合理处理,就容易导致环境污染,甚至一些化学实验室中的放射性成分还会给人体带来健康危害,阻碍社会发展。所以,本文主要从化学实验室"三废"问题的处理及从环境保护的角度提出具体解决建议,希望能够规范化学实验室"三废"的管理,合理利用化学试验品,保护我们共同的环境。     

基于拓扑优化的某航天产品支架结构设计与试验验证

本文利用拓扑优化技术对某航天产品的支架结构进行拓扑寻优,找到了结构最佳传力路径,设计了满足重量要求情况下基频最大的支架结构。最终产品基频能够满足要求,而且仿真与试验结果呈现较好的一致性,达到了节省研制周期和成本的目的,表明了文中所述方法的合理有效性。     

非电气部件导致电磁辐射超标案例分析

通过对非电气部件导致整车GB/T 18387-2017低频电磁场辐射发射超标典型案例的分析,本文系统的介绍了测试数据分析、骚扰源定位、问题整改及验证的全过程,给出了干扰源类型、信号类型判断的辨析办法。通过整改案例分析,提出了辐射发射超标的问题排查及解决的基本思路。     

改性PVDF中空纤维膜处理压裂返排液研究

针对中空纤维膜应用于水力压裂返排液处理时存在的膜污染严重、通量衰减快、影响处理效率等问题,研究了PVDF固含量、凝固浴温度等因素对PVDF膜性能的影响,通过非溶剂致相分离法制备了PVDF中空纤维膜,并采用表面接枝技术,对PVDF中空纤维膜进行了表面亲水化改性。压裂返排液吸附实验结果表明,表面接枝降低了PVDF的接触角,提高了膜的亲水性。与未接枝改性的PVDF膜相比,亲水改性后的PVDF膜表面吸附的压裂返排液更少。将亲水性中空纤维膜用于页岩气水力压裂返排液的过滤处理,应用结果表明其对压裂返排液中的总铁、SS、浊度、细菌去除率达到90%以上,长时间运行后的通量保持率高,有较好的抗膜污染性。     

不同菌糠生物炭对水体中Cu2+、Cd2+的吸附性能

以菌糠废弃物为原料,采用限氧裂解法在500℃条件下制备香菇菌糠、猴头菇菌糠和平菇菌糠生物炭(LEBC、HEBC和POBC).利用SEM、XRD和FTIR等方法对吸附剂进行了表征;通过吸附动力学、等温吸附、生物炭酸化实验探究了3种菌糠生物炭去除水溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的效果及机理.结果表明,在溶液初始pH 2—3时,3种菌糠生物炭对溶液中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附量急剧增加.LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,对Cu~(2+)的吸附速率分别为10.15×10~(-3)、7.08×10~(-3)、0.69×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1),对Cd~(2+)的吸附速率分别为6.53×10~(-3)、5.19×10~(-3)、0.26×10~(-3) mg·g~(-1)·min~(-1).不同浓度下LEBC、HEBC、POBC对Cu~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量依次为56.74、11.98、77.32 mg·g~(-1);而Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Freundlich模型,最大吸附量依次为74.26、36.49、70.2 mg·g~(-1).LEBC在较短的时间内能达到较大的吸附量,可作为去除水体中Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的优质吸附剂.XRD和FTIR等分析结果表明生物炭对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附机制包括物理吸附、阳离子-π作用、官能团络合及沉淀.3种生物炭经酸化处理后,对Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)的吸附能力显著下降,表明生物炭中碳酸盐引起的Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)表面沉淀在吸附过程中起重要作用.     

Quantification of pesticide residues on plastic mulching films in typical farmlands of the North China

• Pesticide residuals on mulching film of Shandong, Tianjin and Hebei. • Detected 29 pesticides in soil and 30 in mulching film. • Pesticides on plastic films: 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g and in soil: 9.3‒535.3 ng/g. • Pesticides on plastic films 20 times higher than in soil. Plastic debris as new pollutants attracts much attention in the recent years. The plastic mulching films is one of the most important plastic debirs source in the environment. The aim of this work was to investigate the current status of pesticide residues on the plastic mulching films. Based on the QuEChERS method, multi-residue methods for detection of pesticide residues with gas chromatography tandem mass spectrum (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) were developed for the analysis of the pesticides residues in plastic film and soil samples from Tianjin, Hebei and Shandong. The total concentrations of pesticide residues were in the range of 86.4‒22213.2 ng/g in plastic film debris, which was about 20 times higher than that in soil (9.3‒535.3 ng/g). Residual level of pesticides varied greatly in different samples. The historical usage and recent application of pesticides were the main sources for pesticide residues on plastic films and soil. In short, plastic mulching films could act as a sink for pesticides in farmland and the ubiquitous pesticide residues on plastic films should draw more attention.     

Diphenylarsinic acid sorption mechanisms in soils using batch experiments and EXAFS spectroscopy

• DPAA sorption data was found to fit the Freundlich equation. • K_f was significantly positive correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. • Ligand exchange was the main mechanism for DPAA sorption on soils. • Bidentate binuclear and monodentate mononuclear DPAA bonds were identified. Diphenylarsinic acid (DPAA) is a phenyl arsenic compound derived from chemical warfare weapons. Macroscopic and microscopic work on DPAA sorption will provide useful information in predicting the partitioning and mobility of DPAA in the soil-water environment. Here, batch experiments and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy were used to investigate the sorption mechanisms of DPAA. The DPAA sorption data from 11 soil types was found to fit the Freundlich equation, and the sorption capacity, K_f, was significantly and positively correlated with oxalate-extractable Fe₂O₃. The K_f values of eight of the 11 untreated soils (1.51–113.04) significantly decreased upon removal of amorphous metal (hydr)oxides (0.51–13.37). When both amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxides were removed from the untreated soils, the K_f values either decreased or slightly increased (0.65–3.09). Subsequent removal of soil organic matter from these amorphous and crystalline metal (hydr)oxide-depleted samples led to further decreases in K_f to 0.02–1.38, with only one exception (Sulfic Aquic-Orthic Halosols). These findings strongly suggest that ligand exchange reactions with amorphous metal (hydr)oxides contribute most to DPAA sorption on soils. EXAFS data provide further evidence that DPAA primarily formed bidentate binuclear (²C) and monodentate mononuclear (¹V) coring-sharing complexes with As-Fe distances of 3.34 and 3.66 Å, respectively, on Fe (hydr)oxides. Comparison of these results with earlier studies suggests that ²C and ¹V complexes of DPAA may be favored under low and high surface coverages, respectively, with the formation of ¹V bonds possibly conserving the sorption sites or decreasing the steric hindrance derived from phenyl substituents.     

基于改进电桥法的直流系统接地故障检测方法

直流系统的稳定性影响着发电厂和变电站的安全运行,介绍了几种传统的直流系统接地故障检测方法,并分析了每种方法的优缺点。针对传统直流系统接地故障检测方法的不足,提出了一种基于改进电桥法的故障检测方法,通过两次投切检测电阻来检测电桥上的不平衡电流和支路漏电流,计算得出接地电阻并快速找出故障支路,通过对比分析发现改进电桥法的测量准确性更高。