沸石的改性及其对氨氮吸附特征

为研究不同改性方法及其组合顺序对天然沸石吸附NH₄+效率的影响及其吸附特征,选择盐、高温、酸3种改性方法进行不同组合. 结果显示,改性组合顺序对天然沸石的吸附性能影响较明显,最佳改性组合顺序为“盐+酸+高温”,其改性后的沸石在初始ρ(NH₄+)为15、30和50 mg/L下对NH₄+的去除率分别为87%、92%和94%. 采用Langmuir和Freundlich 2种方程来拟合“盐+酸+高温”改性后沸石的吸附行为,表明其更符合Langmuir模型,R2为0.998 5,其最大吸附量(q_max)为8.23 mg/g,并且其吸附过程符合一级动力学方程, R 2为0.998 1. 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面积(BET)分析结果表明,沸石经最优组合改性后表面形态明显变化,比表面积增大.      

合肥市郊夏季PM10浓度及其与能见度的关系

年8—9月在合肥市郊对ρ(PM₁₀)进行了观测,并分析了其中9种水溶性离子(NO₂-、Cl-、NO₃-、SO₄2-、NH₄+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+)质量浓度. 结果表明:采样期间该地区ρ(PM₁₀)日均值为78.9 μg/m3,9种水溶性离子的平均质量浓度为18.93 μg/m3,占ρ(PM₁₀)的26.6%,表明水溶性组分是PM₁₀的重要组成之一. SO₄2-、NO₃-、NH₄+和Ca2+是主要的阴、阳离子,日均质量浓度分别为8.14、4.81、3.46和1.33 μg/m3. 不同RH(相对湿度)下PM₁₀对能见度的影响不同,RH小于80%时,二者呈显著的线性负相关〔R(相关系数)为-0.80〕;RH大于80%时,二者呈指数负相关(R为-0.48). 离子间相关性分析显示,PM₁₀中水溶性离子的主要结合方式为(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄HSO₄、NH₄NO₃、KCl及K₂SO₄. 采样期间ρ(NO₃-)/ρ(SO₄2-)平均值为0.59,说明在该地区固定源对水溶性组分的贡献大于移动源. 另外,扬尘也是PM₁₀重要来源之一.      

根细胞壁及其组分差异对植物吸附、转运Zn的影响

采用水培实验,研究了不同植物根细胞壁组分差异对Zn吸收、转运的影响及其机制.结果表明,在50mg/LZn处理下,不同植物对Zn的吸收、转运系数顺序为:小白菜≈芥菜≈生菜>青椒>西红柿>水稻,而在20mg/L Zn处理下,生菜茎叶中Zn的转运系数则大于芥菜,这可能与低浓度条件下Zn对生菜产生的低剂量刺激效应有关;利用植物活体根细胞解吸法对不同植物活体根系细胞壁中的Zn含量测定结果表明,不同植物的根细胞壁在去除了果胶成分后,根细胞壁中Zn的含量显著增加,其中水稻根细胞壁增加最大,达到53.7%,增加最小的是青椒(21.1%),而去除半纤维素后则显著降低了不同植物根细胞壁中Zn的含量,尤其是水稻根细胞壁最明显;吸附动力学实验表明,不同处理后的细胞壁对Zn的吸附是个快速反应过程,在吸附30min内所有处理均达到最大吸附量的91%以上,去除果胶显著增加不同细胞壁对Zn的吸附量,而进一步去除半纤维素后,不同细胞壁对Zn的最大吸附量显著下降.以上结果表明,半纤维素含量的增加明显提高了不同植物根束缚Zn的能力而降低向地上部的运输.     

Fe-pillared bentonite,a stable Fenton catalyst for treatment of petroleum refinery wastewater

Fe-pillared bentonite (Fe-Bent) was prepared by ion exchange as heterogeneous catalyst for degradation of organic contaminants in petroleum refinery wastewater. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the existence of α-Fe₂O₃. The effects of pH, H₂O₂ concentration, and catalyst dosage on the rate of lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated in detail. Removal efficiency of COD can be up to 92% under the following conditions: dosage of Fe-Bent 7 g L^?1, pH value 3, and H₂O₂ concentration 10 mmol L^?1. Fe-Bent showed good stability for the degradation of organics in petroleum refinery wastewater for five cycles. The adsorption of organics in wastewater onto Fe-Bent could be well described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model.     

Effects of riparian land use on water quality and fish communities in the headwater stream of the Taizi River in China

Riparian land use remains one of the most significant impacts on stream ecosystems. This study focuses on the relationship between stream ecosystems and riparian land use in headwater regions. Four riparian land types including forest, grassland, farmland, and residential land were examined to reveal the correlation between stream water and fish communities in headwater streams of the Taizi River in north-eastern China. Four land types along riparian of 3 km in length were evaluated at 25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 m widths, respectively. Generally, the results found a significant relationship between riparian land uses and stream water quality. Grassland was positively correlated with water quality parameters (conductivity and total dissolved solids) at scales from 100 to 500 m riparian width. Farmland and residential land was negatively correlated with water quality parameters at scales from 25 to 500 m and from 50 to 200 m riparian widths, respectively. Although the riparian forest is important for maintaining habitat diversity and fish communities, the results found that only fish communities were significantly correlated with the proportion of riparian farmland. Farmland had a positive correlation with individual fish abundance within a riparian corridor of 25 to 50 m, but a negative correlation with fish diversity metrics from 25 to 100 m. This study indicates that effective riparian management can improve water quality and fish communities in headwater streams.     

移动床生物膜反应器处理生活污水的研究

通过小试规模的移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理陕西科技大学污水处理厂生活污水的实验研究,探讨了水力停留时间、冲击负荷、pH对反应器处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,在HRT为10 h,进水ρ(COD)为300 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为35 mg/L,填料体积填充率为35%,pH为7左右时,MBBR反应器对COD、TN的去除率分别为87.38%、68%。     

深床过滤颗粒截留机理研究

对深床过滤过程中颗粒物与滤料之间的相互作用进行了理论分析,讨论了两者间的相互作用及影响因素对微絮凝深床过滤进行了中试研究,考察了1～l0μm粒径颗粒在500cm滤床中的截留情况,并连续65h监测滤柱水头损失的变化;在滤速为24m/h情况下,计算了1～10μm粒径颗粒所受的水流剪切力;利用理论分析,分别讨论了表面电位为-25mV及-125mV、粒径为1～10μm的颗粒与滤料之间的物理化学作用力.理论计算值对实验结果进行了很好的解释,说明可以通过颗粒与滤料间的作用力分析来研究均质滤料深床过滤运行规律.     

不同短程硝化系统中微生物群落结构的对比分析

为探讨有机碳源对短程硝化系统中微生物群落结构的影响,采用构建克隆文库的方法对模拟无机城市生活污水和模拟实际城市生活污水短程硝化系统中的微生物群落结构进行对比分析.实验结果表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和未培养菌(uncultured bacterium)是两系统中的优势菌群.两系统中的菌群结构存在差异,但优势菌群及其所占比例相似.两系统中的主要脱氮菌类群也相似,但由于有机碳源浓度的不同其菌属及比例有所差异.无机短程硝化系统中的脱氮菌群包括亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)和Denitratisoma,其中自养硝化菌的比例高于其在有机短程硝化系统中的比例,但仍低于异养菌在该系统中的比例.有机短程硝化系统中的脱氮菌群主要包括β-Proteobacteria中的一些反硝化细菌和亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas),其中亚硝化单胞菌属(Nitrosomonas)的含量很少.     

珠三角干季海陆风特征及其对空气质量影响的观测

通过2004年10月在珠江三角洲（以下简称“珠三角”）开展大气边界层观测试验得到的垂直风温资料和逐时PM_2.5浓度资料,利用局地环流指数（RF）等方法研究了珠三角海陆风特征及其对空气质量的影响.结果表明：局地环流指数是表征局地大气输送能力的有效指标;冷暖气团对峙导致珠三角污染日背景风场较弱,沿海海陆风活动活跃,空气质量指数与RF系数相关性颇高,珠三角沿海100~400m处RF系数值主要分布在0.5~0.8之间;在海陆风影响下低层风场的有效输送能力较弱,不利于污染物的输送扩散.而随着冷空气全面控制珠三角,垂直风场RF系数值高达0.9以上,海陆风难以发展,风场输送能力强,能够持续的将污染物输送出去.观测发现沿海观测点试验期间海陆风发生频率约为47.8%,其中72.7%的海陆风日出现了污染天气,海陆风日地面风向呈现出明显的随时间顺时针偏转特征,海风约从16：00时开始出现,并在20：00达到最大影响高度约为600~800m.夜间海风将污染物输送回内陆观测点,导致内陆PM_2.5浓度在19：00~21：00时出现浓度峰值,呈现出明显的双峰结构.     

Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of metals in the river sediments from Dan River Drainage,China

This study investigates the partitioning of metals in surface sediments from the Dan River drainage basin, the source of drinking water for the South to North Water Transfer Project, China, to determine their bioavailability and associated levels of risk. Sediment samples were collected from 99 sites along the Dan River, and the concentration of each element fraction was determined using sequential extraction and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The residual fraction was the major phase for most metals sampled. Among the non-residual fractions, greater proportions of Zn, Mn and Cd were transported in in the available phase, whereas Ba, Sb, Pb and As were mainly found in the reducible phase. The oxidisable phase was important for the transport of Ni, Co, Cr and Cu in sediments. This analysis of sediments from the Dan River basin indicates a very high risk of pollution from Cd, Co, Mn, Sb and Zn. Combined with the sediments with extremely high concentrations, the Dan, Laoguan and Yinhua rivers, which have been affected by ore-mining activities, pose a very high risk to the surrounding areas and should be the subject of future studies.