大气环境监测结果空间代表性的一个分析实例

通过计算石家庄西北郊大气环境监测站2014年的逐时浓度印痕,系统分析影响当地空气质量的潜在污染来源区域.使用实际气象观测资料和CALMET风场诊断模式获得当地区域边界层风场;使用反向拉格朗日粒子扩散模式计算印痕,分析其平均分布和日变化,以及与主要污染物(PM_(10))浓度变化的关系.结果表明,(1)石家庄地区山地-平原局地环流对风场有重要影响.(2)西北郊站监测结果代表的污染源区域有明显的日变化,午后主要为偏南和东南方向的污染来源,夜间至次日上午主要为西北山前和山地区域的来源.(3)PM_(10)浓度与污染来源区域具有同步的日变化关系,午后浓度下降,夜间浓度升高并维持到次日早上和正午.从夜间至次日上午时段西北方向的污染来源决定了该站的空气质量.(4)监测结果代表的主要污染物来源区域远超出其行政属地范围,外部来源的贡献率超过60%,当地影响不足40%.(5)造成西北郊站监测浓度整体偏高的主要原因是地形和位置因素,及测站以西的实际污染排放源.     

Fast screening compositions of PM2.5 by ATR-FTIR: Comparison with results from IC andOC/EC analyzers

Chemical speciation of fine particles or PM_(2.5) collected on filters is still a costly and timeconsuming task. In this study, filter-based PM_(2.5) samples were collected during November–December 2013 at four sites in Guangzhou, and the major components were fast screened(~7 min per filter sample) by Attenuated Total Reflectance(ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic(FTIR) in comparison with that measured by Organic carbon/Element carbon(OC/EC) analyzer and Ion Chromatography(IC). The concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, sulfate,primary organic carbon(POC) and secondary organic carbon(SOC) measured by OC/EC and IC analyzers were better correlated with their infrared absorption peak heights at 1320 cm~(-1) for nitrate, 1435, 3045 and 3215 cm~(-1) for ammonium, 615 cm~(-1) for sulfate, 690, 760 and 890 cm~(-1) for POC and 1640 and 1660 cm~(-1) for SOC respectively, during polluted days(PM_(2.5) 75 μg/m~3) than during clean days(PM_(2.5)≤ 75 μg/m~3). With the evolution of a haze episode during our field campaign, the concentrations of the major PM_(2.5) components displayed consistent variations with their infrared absorption peak heights, suggesting ATR-FTIR could be a fast and useful technique to characterize filter-based PM_(2.5) compositions particularly during pollution events although cautions should be taken when PM_(2.5) levels are low. Notably, elevated PM_(2.5) mass concentrations occurred with enhanced ratios of [NO_(-3)]/[SO_4~(2-)] and [NH~(+4)]/[SO_4~(2-)], implying that nitrogenous components play vital roles in the PM_(2.5) pollution events in the study region.     

Mitigating Groundwater Impacts of Residential Wells through Small‐Scale Distributed Storage in the Skagit River Basin

The exemption for groundwater wells for residential uses from the prior appropriations system, common in the western United States, has eroded in Washington State since about 2000 due to a series of legal cases. Water markets can allow the transfer of an existing water right, typically from an agricultural use, to compensate for the effect of a new residential well. But water must be legally and physically available in a way suitable to satisfy mitigation requirements. A recent court case in the Skagit basin in Northwestern Washington State has effectively halted residential development in rural areas of the basin because no suitable water rights are available to purchase for mitigation. This paper presents and examines the cost‐effectiveness of various water supply mitigation strategies. We find a small‐scale, distributed stream‐side storage system for augmenting instream flow purchased from downstream sources is relatively cost‐effective to mitigate against the effects of domestic groundwater use compared to more common alternatives. We consider transporting water to storage sites by both small‐gauge pipe and by truck. Overall, trucking water to stream‐side storage and release points tends to be more cost‐effective to mitigate against indoor‐use only given current subbasin housing densities, whereas piping for direct streamflow augmentation is more cost‐effective for higher mitigation needs associated with indoor and outdoor use and higher housing densities.     

生物表面活性剂皂角苷增效去除土壤中重金属的研究

研究了生物表面活性剂皂角苷对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的去除作用,并考察了皂角苷淋洗液pH值、浓度等对重金属去除率的影响.结果表明,增加皂角苷浓度和降低溶液pH值均有利于重金属的去除.当皂角苷浓度为50g·L-1、pH值为5.2时,土壤中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的去除率分别可达45.6%、24.4%、19.0%和17.6%.根据皂角苷处理前后土壤中重金属形态的分析结果可知,皂角苷对土壤中不同形态重金属的去除能力存在差异,其中,以离子交换态和碳酸盐结合态金属的去除效果最为明显.红外光谱测试结果表明,皂角苷与金属离子反应形成了配位化合物,并以离子交换平衡法测定了配位稳定常数及配位物质的量比.皂角苷与各金属离子配位稳定常数K的大小顺序依次为:Cu2+Zn2+Cd2+Pb2+,lgK值在3.91～6.60之间.除Cu与皂角苷是以1:2(物质的量比)络合外,其他3种金属均与皂角苷生成1:1的络合物.此外,土壤中Cd的去除量与其他重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb)的去除量间呈良好的线性关系.金属离子可能是通过直接与皂角苷形成可溶性络合物或者通过与其他金属的架桥作用而被转移到皂角苷溶液相中,从而实现从土壤中去除.     

特高压交流工程110kV并联电容器组单桥差不平衡保护可行性研究

不平衡保护是电容器装置的主保护,由于电容器单元串并联数量多,因此,特高压交流工程用 110kV并联电容器装置采用可靠系数较高的双桥差不平衡保护方式,这种保护方式逻辑相对复杂,电容器装置占地面积较大,而且每组电容器需要比单桥方式多 3台 110kV 电流互感器。随着电容器容差控制技术不断提升,不平衡保护的可靠系数大幅提高,采用单桥差保护具有一定的可行性,但是否满足要求需要进行研究。本文对特高压交流工程用 110kV、240Mvar并联电容器组采用双桥差与单桥差不平衡保护的整定值、可靠系数和灵敏度分别进行了详细的分析和计算,验证了采用单桥差不平衡保护可以满足运行要求。     

添加剩余活性污泥无害化处理含油钻屑

采用剩余活性污泥对废弃含油钻屑进行无害化处理。考察了加入剩余活性污泥后混合物料中微生物浓度、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、总石油烃(TPH)含量和组分的变化,并对降解后混合物料的生物毒性进行了评价。实验结果表明:加入剩余活性污泥后,总细菌浓度保持在较高水平;碱解氮含量逐渐减少后保持稳定,有效磷含量在一定范围内波动,整体略有增加;剩余活性污泥的加入量为20%～60%(w)时, TPH去除率均达到74%以上,远高于未添加剩余活性污泥的对照组(28.8%);剩余活性污泥的添加能有效促进微生物对含油钻屑中TPH的降解及氮元素的转化,添加50%(w)以上的剩余活性污泥能使处理后含油钻屑的生物毒性更低,更有利于含油钻屑的无害化处理。     

改性莴笋叶渣净化空气中甲醛

通过对莴笋叶2种处理吸附甲醛,得出简便高效的碱热烫处理,并采用二次正交旋转回归组合对其优化,得出煮沸时间25 min、水浴温度80℃、水浴时间2.5h,莴笋叶渣对甲醛吸附率可达37.05％,实测值36.4％,二者吻合.通过与活性炭、硅藻纯吸附效果比较,优化处理莴笋叶渣与硅藻纯吸附效果相当,均优于活性炭.电镜观测知优化莴笋叶渣与活性炭、硅藻纯均具粗糙、皱褶、疏松结构,傅里叶红外光谱分析出-C=C-基团在甲醛吸附中起主要作用.     

零价铁在废水处理中应用的研究进展

简述了零价铁（ZVI）处理废水的机理。综述了ZVI、纳米零价铁 （nZVI）对焦化废水、军火厂废水、制药废水、橄榄油厂废水、染料废水、含盐类废水及含重金属废水处理的研究进展以及ZVI复合材料处理废水的研究进展。指出将ZVI与超声波、微波及Fenton法等技术联合,形成具有各自优点的新处理技术,将是今后的研究重点。     

Non-isothermal Crystallization Behaviors of Polyvinyl alcohol/Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Blend Films

In this work, polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyethyl cellulose (PVA/HEC) blend films were fabricated by solution casting and the crystalline morphology as well as non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of the blends was investigated detailedly with polarized optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. With fixed cooling rate, the crystallization time for PVA/HEC was less than that for neat PVA. The crystallization peak temperature of PVA/HEC decreased first and then increased with the increase of HEC. With higher cooling rate, the crystallinity and crystallization time decreased. It worth noting that large spherocrystal with a size of 35 μm was observed by polarized optical microscopy for PVA/HEC blends for the first time.