A review of atmospheric mercury emissions,pollution and control in China

Mercury, as a global pollutant, has significant impacts on the environment and human health. The current state of atmospheric mercury emissions, pollution and control in China is comprehensively reviewed in this paper. With about 500-800 t of anthropogenic mercury emissions, China contributes 25%-40% to the global mercury emissions. The dominant mercury emission sources in China are coal combustion, non-ferrous metal smelting, cement production and iron and steel production. The mercury emissions from natural sources in China are equivalent to the anthropogenic mercury emissions. The atmospheric mercury concentration in China is about 2-10 times the background level of North Hemisphere. The mercury deposition fluxes in remote areas in China are usually in the range of 10-50μg·m^-2·yr^-1. To reduce mercury emissions, legislations have been enacted for power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters and waste incinerators. Currently mercury contented in the flue gas is mainly removed through existing air pollution control devices for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particles. Dedicated mercury control technologies are required in the future to further mitigate the mercury emissions in China.     

Distribution of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools and their correlation in soils from two acid deposition small catchments in Hunan, China

Distribution of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools was investigated in five forest soil profiles (consisting of four horizons) in each of two Hunan catchments (BLT and LKS) where acid deposition has been considered critical. Al- and Fe-pools were higher in BLT than those in LKS, but Mn-pools much lower in BLT. Mn-pools vary from topsoils to bottom soils, but there are different trends for different Mn speciation. Al- and Fe-pools, except amorphous Fe_ox, were positively correlated to contents of soil organic matter (OM) showed by the loss on ignition in the two catchments. Accumulation of Al- and Fe-pools may occur in the area where soil organic matter was enriched (e.g. in top soil and rhizosphere soil). However, no direct correlation is observed between Mn and OM. Acidic atmospheric deposition may affect transforming among speciations of Al-, Fe- and Mn-pools and leaching of soil Al, Fe and Mn through formation of soluble organo-metal dissolved Al which was potentially toxic, increased. There were significant correlations between Al-pools complexes or change of oxidation–reduction conditions. Mn_ex (exchangeable Mn) and Mn_ox (amorphous and organic Mn) were highly linearly correlation with soil pH values at LKS but at BLT. Under acid deposition, the availability of the nutrient Fe increased with the amount of dissolved Al, which was potentially toxic, in the two catchments. There are no significant correlations between Al_ex (exchangeable Al) and Mn_ex, Fe_ex (exchangeable Fe) and Mn_ex in this work, indicating potentially toxic Mn increase seldom accompanying with Al increase in the two catchments.     

Differentiated emission control strategy based on comprehensive evaluation of multi-media pollution: Case of mercury emission control

In order to comprehensively evaluate the environmental impact of multi-media mercury pollution under differentiated emission control strategies in China, a literature review and case studies were carried out. Increased human exposure to methylmercury was assessed through the dietary intake of residents in areas surrounding a typical coal-fired power plant and a zinc(Zn) smelter, located either on acid soil with paddy growth in southern China, or on alkaline soil with wheat growth in northern Chi...     

南北向街谷内热不稳定流场日变化规律的模拟研究

城市街谷内热不稳定流动是促进污染物扩散的重要影响因素之一.本文基于街谷内热平衡分析,结合大涡模拟方法,研究了一个南北走向的城市街谷内温度、风场的日变化特征,并分析了壁面对流换热及长波辐射对街谷内环境的影响.结果显示:壁面对流换热是影响街谷内温度、风场的主要因素,而长波辐射的影响非常小,长波辐射引起街谷内空气温度升高不足对流换热影响的10％,而其对平均风速和脉动量的影响更是在2％和1％以内;街谷内空气温度从早上开始逐渐增加,到15:00的时候达到最大,可达311 K(38℃);上午时段,迎风面壁面热浮力减弱街谷内风速,街谷底部和迎风墙侧的脉动量根均方值较大,而下午时段街谷顶部的脉动量根均方值达到最大.街谷内不同位置和不同时段内,通过建筑材料选择和表面结构设计,适当调控建筑壁面的温度,可以促进街谷内温度分布和空气流通改善.     

Arsenic removal from contaminated soil using phosphoric acid and phosphate

Laboratory batch experiments were conducted to study arsenic （As） removal from a naturally contaminated soil using phosphoric acid （H3PO4） and potassium dihydrogen phosphate （KHEPO4）. Both H3PO4 and KHEPO4 proved to reduce toxicity of the soil in terms of soil As content, attaining more than 20% As removal at a concentration of 200 mmol/L. At the same time, acidification of soil and dissolution of soil components （Ca, Mg, and Si） resulted from using these two extractants, especially H3PO4. The effectiveness of these two extractants could be attributed to the replacement of As by phosphate ions （PO4^3-）. The function of H3PO4 as an acid to dissolve soil components had little effects on As removal. KH2PO4 almost removed as much As as H3PO4, but it did not result in serious damage to soils, indicating that it was a more promising extractant. The results of a kinetic study showed that As removal reached equilibrium after incubation for 360 rain, but dissolution of soil components, especially Mg and Ca, was very rapid. Therefore dissolution of soil components would be inevitable if As was further removed. Elovich model best described the kinetic data of As removal among the four models used in the kinetic study.     

土壤-植物系统中模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染的短期环境效应--黄豆盆栽试验

通过盆栽实验,研究了在黄豆(Glycne max)的一个生长周期内,模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染对土壤基本性质的影响,模拟酸雨作用下土壤-植物系统中Cd的迁移转化规律以及模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染对黄豆生长与生理特性的影响,探讨了土壤-植物系统中这种复合污染的短期环境效应.结果表明,短期内模拟酸雨和Cd污染对土壤-植物系统都有致害作用,但Cd污染的效应大于模拟酸雨的效应,模拟酸雨与Cd复合污染环境效应大于这2种污染物的单因素效应,且表现出明显的协同作用.在本试验条件下,pH值为3.5的模拟酸雨和20 mg·kg-1Cd的处理组合对土壤-植物系统的危害最严重.尽管在短期内,协同作用仅在土壤交换态Cd含量、黄豆茎和根中的Cd含量这3项指标上得到一定程度的体现,但这种复合污染的化学机制和环境效应值得关注,这2种污染物长时期共同作用对土壤-植物系统的影响也值得深入研究.     

城市景观生态建设探讨——以长沙市芙蓉区为例

城市景观生态建设是城市生态规划建设的重要内容。在归纳总结了城市景观生态的特点和规划内容的基础上,以长沙市芙蓉区为例,分析了长沙市芙蓉区景观生态现状,并运用景观生态学原理,对长沙市芙蓉区景观生态建设提出了一些建议和措施,具体包括：景观的生态框架设计,种群源（斑块）工程,廊道与节点工程,城市山水生态工程,城市绿地建设工程和城市景观文化规划。通过上述具体的生态景观规划和建设,使长沙市芙蓉区的景观生态能得到较大改善,更好地为城市生态功能服务。     

钙镁磷肥对土壤Cd生物有效性和糙米Cd含量的影响

通过水稻盆栽试验,研究了施用钙镁磷肥对Cd污染稻田中Ca、Mg、Cd生物有效性的影响和种植水稻(湘晚籼12号、威优46号)后水稻各部位Ca、Mg、Cd含量的差异.结果表明,施用钙镁磷肥能显著提升土壤pH值,降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd含量,且降低效果随着水稻生育期的延长逐渐增强.与对照相比,施用0.8 g·kg-1的钙镁磷肥,使湘晚籼12号种植土壤和威优46号种植土壤TCLP提取态Cd含量在熟化期、灌浆期、分蘖期、成熟期分别下降了12.7%、15.6%、21.5%、61.9%和12.7%、72.6%、42.1%、59.7%.施用钙镁磷肥能显著增加水稻种植土壤中TCLP提取态Ca、Mg含量,降低TCLP提取态Cd含量,同时显著增加水稻各生育期各部位Ca、Mg含量并降低其Cd含量,水稻各部位中Ca、Mg含量与Cd含量均呈现负相关关系,表明外源Ca和Mg的加入对水稻累积Cd产生了拮抗作用.施用钙镁磷肥能显著降低水稻糙米中Cd含量并提高水稻产量.与对照相比,施用0.2~0.8 g·kg-1的钙镁磷肥,水稻湘晚籼12号和威优46号糙米中Cd含量分别下降了36.8%~52.6%和53.3%~75.6%.威优46号比湘晚籼12号更易将土壤Cd向水稻籽粒中转运.     

Improved atmospheric mercury simulation using updated gas-particle partition and organic aerosol concentrations

The gaseous or particulate forms of divalent mercury (Hg^II) significantly impact the spatial distribution of atmospheric mercury concentration and deposition flux (FLX). In the new nested-grid GEOS-Chem model, we try to modify the Hg^II gas-particle partitioning relationship with synchronous and hourly observations at four sites in China. Observations of gaseous oxidized Hg (GOM), particulate-bound Hg (PBM), and PM_2.5 were used to derive an empirical gas-particle partitioning coefficient as a function of temperature (T) and organic aerosol (OA) concentrations under different relative humidity (RH). Results showed that with increasing RH, the dominant process of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from physical adsorption to chemical desorption. And the dominant factor of Hg^II gas-particle partitioning changed from T to OA concentrations. We thus improved the simulated OA concentration field by introducing intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) emission inventory into the model framework and refining the volatile distributions of I/SVOCs according to new filed tests in the recent literatures. Finally, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of monthly gaseous element mercury (GEM), GOM, PBM, WFLX were reduced from −33%–29%, 95%–300%, 64%–261%, 117%–122% to −13%–0%, −20%–80%, −31%–50%, −17%–23%. The improved model explains 69%–98% of the observed atmospheric Hg decrease during 2013–2020 and can serve as a useful tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the Minamata Convention on Mercury.     

湖南某植烟土壤重金属含量及其生态风险评价

采集了湖南某植烟区表层土壤样品112份,测定了土壤中6种重金属元素的含量,并采用单因子污染指数法、综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对其污染状况进行评价.结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属平均含量分别为36.25(Cu)、69.78(Zn)、37.66(Pb)、0.36(Cd)、12.71(As)、0.27(Hg)mg·kg-1.6个元素的变异系数在32.57%—59.03%之间,属于中等变异,元素分布不均.污染评价结果表明,植烟区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、As的单因子污染指数平均值小于1,其污染较轻.而重金属Cd和Hg的超标率为54.46%和58.04%,土壤受到Cd和Hg污染.潜在生态风险指数评价结果显示植烟区土壤重金属属于轻度污染.相关性分析结果表明Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd之间呈显著相关性,As和Hg相关性显著,说明其同源性较高.来源分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd污染来源东北部主要为矿区污染,西南部主要是人为源,As主要来源为成土母质和生活源,Hg主要为大气污染源.