高效液相色谱法测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR

应用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定地表水中微囊藻毒素-LR（MC—LR）。以乙醇／三氟乙酸混合水溶液为流动相（醇水比例为45：55（V/V）,水溶液含0．1％三氟乙酸）,MC—LR在ODS色谱柱上获得理想的分离效果;在样品前处理中,使用含0．1％三氟乙酸的乙醇溶液可以获得较好的MC—LR提取效率;通过优化前处理及仪器检测条件,有效去除样品基体干扰,检测结果令人满意。     

泰山春、夏两季大气颗粒物及其水溶性无机离子的粒径分布特征

为研究华北地区大气颗粒物的粒径分布特征以及二次气溶胶的形成,2007年春夏两季在泰山山顶(1534 m.a.s.l.,华北平原最高峰)利用多级撞击式颗粒物采样器(MOUDI)进行了为期各1个月的大气颗粒物的采集,并对颗粒物中的无机水溶性离子进行分析.结果显示春夏两季粗粒子(PM1.8-10)分别占PM10的60%和25...     

Systematic control technologies for gaseous pollutants from non-ferrous metallurgy

Air pollutant emissions represent a critical challenge in the green development of the non-ferrous metallurgy industry.This work studied the emission characteristics,formation mechanisms,phase transformation and separation of typical air pollutants,such as heavy metal particles,mercury,sulfur oxides and fluoride,during non-ferrous smelting.A series of purification technologies,including optimization of the furnace throat and hightemperature discharge,were developed to collaboratively control and...     

羧甲基壳聚糖对三种染料废水脱色效果研究

为了探究羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)对活性艳红X-3B、直接湖蓝5B、酸性橙Ⅱ三种常用染料废水的脱色效果,重点研究了pH值、CMC投加浓度、温度、搅拌时间以及沉降时间对单一染料废水处理效果的影响,分析了脱色效果的影响因素并优化了脱色工艺参数.结果表明,CMC对三种染料废水的脱色效果显著,最佳脱色条件为:pH 2~4,投加量150~250 mg/L,温度25℃,搅拌时间30 min,沉降时间60~90 min.最佳脱色条件下三种染料废水脱色率分别为86%、98%、80%.     

How water saving irrigation contributes to climate change resilience—a case study of practices in China

A warming climate system is now an indisputable fact. An effective response to climate change should include both mitigation and adaptation. Water is essential to human survival and social development. But the shortage of water resources is a worldwide problem, which in China has been exacerbated by climate change. In order to find out how to cope with climate change successfully, this study, on the basis of China statistical data 2007–2009, quantitatively analyzes the role of water saving irrigation (WSI) in addressing climate change. The study shows that water saving irrigation (WSI) can serve as a useful enabler in dealing with climate change. From the perspective of mitigation, the 3-year total CO₂ emission reduction stands at 34.67 (21.83 ~ 47.48) Mt, about per year 11.56(7.28 ~ 15.83)Mt. From the perspective of adaptation, the total water saved from 2007 to 2009 stands at 96.85 (61.81 ~ 129.66) Gm³. If per unit farmland irrigation takes a 3-year average of agricultural water consumption, the water saved in 2009 is enough to irrigate additional 5.70 (3.80 ~ 7.80) Mhm², or to increase the grain yield by 22.04 (14.68 ~ 30.15) Gt. In addition, WSI can reduce soil salinization and conserve soil to sustain land productivity and environmental benefits. So WSI can be a positive measure in coping with climate change when it is rightly deployed. However, the costs and local context of such practices call for further studies.     

Comparison among filter-based,impactor-based and continuous techniques for measuring atmospheric fine sulfate and nitrate

Filter-based methods for sampling aerosols are subject to great uncertainty if the gas–particle interactions on filter substrates are not properly handled. Sampling artifacts depend on both meteorological conditions and the chemical mix of the atmosphere. Despite numerous of studies on the subject, very few have evaluated filter-based methods in the Asian environments. This paper reports the results of a comparison of the performances of two filter-based samplers, including a Thermo Anderson Chemical Speciation Monitor (RAAS) and a honeycomb denuder filter-pack system, a Micro Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) and a real-time ambient ion monitor (AIM, URG9000B) in measuring atmospheric concentrations of PM_2.5 sulfate and nitrate. Field studies were conducted at an urban site in Jinan, Shandong province, during the winter of 2007 and at a rural site near Beijing in the summer of 2008. The AIM was first compared with the honeycomb denuder filter-pack system which was considered to have minimal sampling artifacts. After some modifications made to it, the AIM showed good performance for both sulfate and nitrate measurement at the two sites and was then used to evaluate other instruments. For the un-denuded RAAS, the extent of sampling artifacts for nitrate on quartz filters was negligible, while that on Teflon filters was also minimal at high nitrate concentrations (>10 μgm^?3); however, loss through evaporation was significant (～75%) at low nitrate concentrations under hot summer conditions. The MOUDI using aluminum substrates suffered a significant loss of nitrate (50–70%) under summer conditions due to evaporation. Considering that the aluminum substrates are still being widely used to obtain size-resolved aerosol compositions because of their low cost and accurate mass weighed, caution should be taken about the potential significant under determination of semi-volatile components such as ammonium nitrate.     

新中国成立70年来我国大气污染防治历程、成就与经验

自20世纪70年代以来,我国在经济持续增长、能源消耗不断增加的同时,及时缓解了各类主要的大气环境问题,有效避免了欧美发达国家曾经出现的严重大气污染灾害.然而,目前我国仍然面临着大气污染尤其是二次污染的严峻挑战.为此,非常有必要全面梳理与分析新中国成立70年以来,特别是自20世纪70年代至今,我国大气污染防治的历程、成就与经验.结果表明:我国在各阶段的大气污染防治过程中均取得了较为明显的环境空气质量改善成就与较为丰富的污染防控经验,并在此过程中形成了具有中国特色的大气污染防治理论与管理模式,构建了系统科学的大气污染综合防控体系.今后我国大气污染治理工作应进一步明确各级政府主体责任,强化重点污染源治理,继续调整优化四大结构,统筹兼顾,强化区域联防联控,强化科技能力建设,注重大气环境问题预测,加强环境科学与技术研究,共同推进大气污染防治,打赢蓝天保卫战.      

Long-term (≥20 years) application of fertilizers and straw return enhances soil carbon storage: a meta-analysis

Increasing soil carbon (C) storage is crucial to addressing climate change and ensuring food security. The C sequestration potential of the world’s cropland soil is 0.4–0.8 Pg soil C year^?1, which may be achieved through the adoption of recommended management practices (RMPs), including fertilizer management. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the influence of long-term application of different fertilizers and straw retention on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, to compare the calculated response ratios with Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)-recommended default relative stock change factors, and to propose recommendations for enhancing SOC sequestration. The meta-analysis indicated that the long-term application of chemical fertilizers (CF), organic fertilizers (OF), combined chemical and organic fertilizers (CFOF), and straw return (SR) significantly enhanced the SOC storage. Response ratios varied significantly (p < 0.05) across different fertilization measures and climatic zones, and was sensitive to the initial SOC content. The mean response ratio was 0.94 for no fertilizer (NF), 1.08 for CF, 1.48 for OF, 1.38 for CFOF, and 1.28 for SR. When IPCC default values for response ratios were applied, SOC storage with OF and CFOF treatments in warm temperate regions with a dry climate was underestimated by 26%, and in the cool temperate region with a moist climate was overestimated by 25% (p < 0.05). Analysis showed that sustained application of organic fertilizers and straw return could be a beneficial measures to mitigate climate change and ensure food security in China. Our findings highlight the importance of deriving SOC stock change factors for a detailed classification of cropland by fertilizer management, climate, and soil types in order to more accurately reflect the effects of policy measures.     

基于FBG的电缆XLPE绝缘局部放电检测研究

光纤布拉格光栅(fiber bragg grating, FBG)的波长编码特性适用于电力电缆中间接头局部放电的准分布式检测。但是电缆主绝缘材料交联聚乙烯(XLPE)的弹性模量很低,利用FBG检测其局部放电声信号还存在可行性及灵敏度等问题。以XLPE为研究对象,对比了XLPE中尖刺-气隙放电和油中针-板放电所产生的声信号强度,分析了FBG传感器检测XLPE中尖刺-气隙放电声信号的灵敏度及衰减特性。实验表明:XLPE中尖刺-气隙放电产生的声信号强度远小于油中针-板放电;FBG传感器可测得最小300 pC的放电信号;XLPE中声信号衰减严重,FBG传感器测得的局部放电声信号幅值符合一阶指数衰减规律,衰减系数为0.07 Np/mm。     

温度和土壤含水量对温带森林土壤温室气体排放的影响

全球温带森林土壤是影响陆地主要温室气体——二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要源和汇,土壤温湿度的交互作用是影响温室气体吸收与释放的重要影响因素,但目前针对温带森林土壤的温湿度变化对温室气体的影响研究甚少。本研究用自动控制温湿度的人工气候箱模拟不同温度(5、10、15℃)和土壤水分含量(最大田间持水量的20%、40%、60%、80%)环境,比较研究3种我国温带典型森林土壤CO2、N2O、CH4的通量动态变化及其综合增温潜势(GWP)。结果表明:温度和土壤含水量增加会导致3种森林土壤的CO2和N2O表现为排放源、CH4为弱吸收汇。其中,阔叶林和针叶林土壤CO2排放通量变化幅度相近,针阔混交林的排放通量波动范围较小于二者;针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤的N2O排放通量变化幅度相近,而针叶林土壤的排放通量波动范围明显高于二者;阔叶林土壤CH4吸收通量随温度和土壤含水量增加的幅度较其他2种林型显著。3种林型土壤GWP受温度和土壤含水量影响的敏感性由高到低依次为阔叶林针叶林针阔混交林。