Efficient purification of Al30 by organic complexation method

A method was developed for preparing high purity Al₃₀O₈(OH)₅₆(H₂O)₂₄^18 + (Al₃₀) through elimination of impurities by complexation. Polyaluminum chloride II (PAC₃₀) with Al_c content of 75% was adopted as the source of Al₃₀. The PAC₃₀ was prepared under conditions of total aluminum concentration 0.1?mol/L and OH^?/Al ratio 2.2 to obtain the highest content of Al₃₀. A precipitation/metathesis method, organic solvent precipitation method and organic complexation method were examined to separate and purify Al₃₀. It was found that only by the organic complexation method could high purity Al₃₀ products be obtained in large yield economically. In the experiments, benzoic acid was used as the coordinating reagent to decompose the main impurity AlO₄Al₁₂(OH)₂₄(H₂O)₁₂^7 + (Al₁₃), and the Al₃₀ product could be obtained by precipitation and metathesis operations. It was noteworthy that the decomposition of impurities by benzoic acid could be completed in 2?hr. The Al₃₀ product was characterized by Ferron assay, ²⁷Al-NMR, SEM, XRD and TGA. The results showed that the purity of the Al₃₀ product could exceed 92%.     

生物膜微环境和传质现象研究进展

生物膜法污水处理工艺对污染物的降解去除主要依赖活性生物膜,研究生物膜的结构和传质特性是揭示反应机理和提高反应器处理效率的重要手段.综述了近年来国外在生物膜微环境和微观传质过程中的研究进展,包括对生物膜微观结构的解析、膜内不同菌系的分布特征及其功能以及生物膜的传质现象和数学模型.在此基础上,提出了生物膜研究领域今后应开展的研究方向.     

高氨氮废水处理系统中功能微生物的检测

利用16S rDNA分子检测技术对高氨氮废水处理系统中的氨氧化细菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌等难分离培养微生物进行了分析检测.从实验室处理高氨氮废水的生物流化床硝化系统生物膜中提取细菌总DNA,以其为模板,利用氨氧化细菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(NOB)的16S rDNA特异性引物进行多聚酶链式反应(PCR)扩增,获得AOB和NOB的特异片段.将特异片段与pGEM-T载体连接并转化到E.coli DH5α中获得重组子,对阳性重组子进行酶切分型,AOB可分为8种不同类型.选取AOB的8种类型代表以及随即选取8个NOB克隆进行测序.经GenBank搜索以及同源性分析,发现所获得的8个AOB类型来自不同的菌株,处理系统中以Nitrosomonas sp.和Nitrosococcus sp.为氨氧化细菌的优势菌属;8株NOB重组子中有7株来自不同的菌株,系统中Nitrobacter sp.和Afipia sp.为亚硝酸盐氧化细菌的优势菌属.图6表1参14     

Mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of swine manure with sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin: Dynamics of microbial communities and evolution of resistance genes

• SMX addition had negative effect on acetoclastic methanogens in mesophilic AD. • Thermophilic AD was more effective in eliminating resistance genes than mesophilic. • ARGs variations in AD were mainly affected by succession of microbial community. • Methane production was significant associated to ARGs reduction. The role of norfloxacin (NOR) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) of pig manure, with respect to methane production and variations in the microbial community and resistance genes, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), class I integrase (intI1), and heavy metal resistance genes (MRGs), was investigated. The results indicated that NOR exerted little influence on the microbial community, whereas SMX negatively affected the acetoclastic methanogens. The abundance of two sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), three quinolone resistance genes (qnrS, parC, and aac(6’)-Ib-cr), and intI1 decreased by 2‒3 orders of magnitude at the end of thermophilic AD. In contrast, mesophilic AD was generally ineffective in reducing the abundance of resistance genes. According to the results of redundancy analysis, the abundance of ARGs was affected primarily by microbial community dynamics (68.5%), rather than the selective pressure due to antibiotic addition (13.3%). Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) through intI1 contributed to 26.4% of the ARG variation. The archaeal community also influenced the changes in the resistance genes, and ARG reduction was significantly correlated with enhanced methane production. Thermophilic AD presented a higher methane production potential and greater reduction in resistance gene abundance.     

印染废水深度处理技术的研究进展及发展趋势

简要介绍了印染废水的水质特点及深度处理的主要目标。综述了近年来印染废水深度处理技术(包括物理法、高级氧化技术、高效生物技术等)的研究进展。结合各深度处理技术的特点分析指出:污染的源头控制、分质处理回用以及以膜技术为核心的组合工艺的优化和集成,是印染废水深度处理技术的发展趋势。     

Preparation and characterization of a lipoid adsorption material and its atrazine removal performance

A novel adsorbent named lipoid adsorption material (LAM), with a hydrophobic nucleolus (triolein) and a hydrophilic membrane structure (polyamide), was synthesized to remove hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) from solution. Triolein, a type of lipoid, was entrapped by the polyamide membrane through an interfacial polymerization reaction. The method of preparation and the structure of the LAM were investigated and subsequent experiments were conducted to determine the characteristics of atrazine (a type of HOC) removal from wastewater using LAM as the adsorbent. The results showed that LAM had a regular structure compared with the prepolymer, where compact particles were linked with each other and openings were present in the structure of the LAM in which the fat drops formed from triolein were entrapped. In contrast to the atrazine adsorption behavior of powdered activated carbon (PAC), LAM showed a persistent adsorption capacity for atrazine when initial concentrations of 0.57, 1.12, 8.31 and 19.01 mg/L were present, and the equilibrium time was 12 hr. Using an 8 mg/L initial concentration of atrazine as an indicator of HOCs in aqueous solution, experiments on the adsorption capacity of the LAM showed 69.3% removal within 6–12 hr contact time, which was close to the 75.5% removal of atrazine by PAC. Results indicated that LAM has two atrazine removal mechanisms, namely the bioaccumulation of atrazine by the nucleous material and physical adsorption to the LAM membrane. Bioaccumulation was the main removal mechanism.     

油田含聚丙烯酰胺废水处理研究进展

综述了国内外处理含聚丙烯酰胺废水采用的物理化学法和生物降解法,对各种方法的除污机理、处理效果及优缺点进行了总结和分析。物理化学法主要包括絮凝沉淀法、光催化法、高级氧化法、超声波法、电渗析法等,易造成二次污染;生物降解法周期较长,但可解决二次污染的问题。从安全经济的角度出发,采用生物降解法或物理化学与生物联合处理的方法更为合理有效。     

基于BP神经网络的污泥水解液合成PHA的多参数敏感性分析

本文采用多参数敏感性分析方法对影响污泥水解液合成PHA产量的参数进行分析.在实验数据的基础上,利用BP神经网络建立了PHA的产量预测模型.通过与真实试验结果的对比,验证了预测模型的精确度.根据训练完成的神经网络模型中的各参数变量到目标的权值和阈值,利用Garson算法定量得到各参数变量对于目标的参数敏感性系数数值.结论表明：基于BP神经网络技术建立的预测模型具有较高的可信度,多参数敏感性分析方法可评估多因素同时变化对PHA产量的影响,具有较高的实用价值.     

通风控制方式对动物粪便堆肥过程的影响

考察了2种不同通风控制方式(时间控制、时间-温度联合控制)对动物粪便堆肥过程的影响.研究结果表明,在高温阶段,2种通风控制方式堆肥试验的堆体温度均达到了在50℃～55℃以上维持5～7 d的无害化要求(GB7959-87).在高温持续时间和温度分布均匀性方面,采用时间控制通风的堆肥方式优于采用时间-温度联合控制通风的堆肥方式,但过高的温度(60～70℃)不利于堆体中水分的去除和有机质的生物降解在高温堆肥阶段,通过改变通风时间,2种控制方式的堆肥过程均出现了2次高温期,这更利于堆肥的无害化.     

甘油投加对餐厨垃圾厌氧产酸性能的影响

餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）可以作为合成聚羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）的底物,PHA的性能与VFAs的组成密切相关.为改善PHA产品的性能,本文研究了甘油投加对餐厨垃圾产酸性能的影响.在餐厨垃圾厌氧消化半连续流反应器运行稳定的基础上,探讨了不同C/N对厌氧发酵有机物转化及VFAs产量和组成的影响.结果表明,投加甘油会降低发酵体系的pH,提高VFAs的产量,相比于对照组,C/N比为25/1时,VFAs产量提高了10.3%.C/N10.69/1（对照组）、15/1、20/1和25/1时,发酵液奇数碳VFAs所占总VFAs的比例分别为54.23%、61.16%、64.78%和66.79%.甘油的投加可以提升丙酸、戊酸等奇数碳VFAs所占比例,有利于改善PHA产品性能.