Synergistic cytotoxicity of binary combinations of inorganic and organic disinfection byproducts assessed by real-time cell analysis

Chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone are widely used as disinfectants in drinking water treatments. However, the combined use of different disinfectants can result in the formation of various organic and inorganic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The toxic interactions, including synergism, addition, and antagonism, among the complex DBPs are still unclear. In this study, we established and verified a real-time cell analysis (RTCA) method for cytotoxicity measurement on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell. Using this convenient and accurate method, we assessed the cytotoxicity of a series of binary combinations consisting of one of the 3 inorganic DBPs (chlorite, chlorate, and bromate) and one of the 32 regulated and emerging organic DBPs. The combination index (CI) of each combination was calculated and evaluated by isobolographic analysis to reflect the toxic interactions. The results confirmed the synergistic effect on cytotoxicity in the binary combinations consisting of chlorite and one of the 5 organic DBPs (2 iodinated DBPs (I-DBPs) and 3 brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs)), chlorate and one of the 4 organic DBPs (3 aromatic DBPs and dibromoacetonitrile), and bromate and one of the 3 organic DBPs (2 I-DBPs and dibromoacetic acid). The possible synergism mechanism of organic DBPs on the inorganic ones may be attributed to the influence of organic DBPs on cell membrane and cell antioxidant system. This study revealed the toxic interactions among organic and inorganic DBPs, and emphasized the latent adverse outcomes in the combined use of different disinfectants.     

N-doped CoAl oxides from hydrotalcites with enhanced oxygen vacancies for excellent low-temperature propane oxidation

A series of nitrogen-doped CoAlO (N-CoAlO) were constructed by a hydrothermal route combined with a controllable NH₃ treatment strategy. The effects of NH₃ treatment on the physico-chemical properties and oxidation activities of N-CoAlO catalysts were investigated. In comparison to CoAlO, a smallest content decrease in surface Co³⁺ (serving as active sites) while a largest increased amount of surface Co²⁺ (contributing to oxygen species) are obtained over N-CoAlO/4h among the N-CoAlO catalysts. Meanwhile, a maximum N doping is found over N-CoAlO/4h. As a result, N-CoAlO/4h (under NH₃ treatment at 400°C for 4 hr) with rich oxygen vacancies shows optimal catalytic activity, with a T₉₀ (the temperature required to reach a 90% conversion of propane) at 266°C. The more oxygen vacancies are caused by the co-operative effects of N doping and suitable reduction of Co³⁺ for N-CoAlO/4h, leading to an enhanced oxygen mobility, which in turn promotes C₃H₈ total oxidation activity dominated by Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Moreover, in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTs) analysis shows that N doping facilities the decomposition of intermediate species (propylene and formate) into CO₂ over the catalyst surface of N-CoAlO/4h more easily. Our reported design in this work will provide a promising way to develop abundant oxygen vacancies of Co-based catalysts derived from hydrotalcites by a simple NH₃ treatment.     

水肥管理对热带地区双季稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

水稻土被广泛认为是甲烷（CH₄）和氧化亚氮（N₂O）主要排放源,深入研究不同水肥管理条件下热带地区双季稻田CH₄和N₂O的排放特征,对补充我国双季稻田温室气体排放研究的不足意义重大.本研究设置8个处理：常规灌溉-施磷钾肥（D-PK）、常规灌溉-施氮磷钾肥（D-NPK）、常规灌溉-施氮磷钾+有机肥（D-NPK+M）、常规灌溉-施有机肥（D-M）、长期淹水-施磷钾肥（F-PK）、长期淹水-施氮磷钾肥（F-NPK）、长期淹水-施氮磷钾+有机肥（F-NPK+M）和长期淹水-施有机肥（F-M）.采用密闭静态箱-气相色谱法测定双季稻田CH₄和N₂O排放量,测定水稻产量和估算全球增温潜势（GWP）及温室气体排放强度（GHGI）.结果表明：①早稻季和晚稻季CH₄累积排放量分别为10.3~78.9 kg·hm^-2和84.6~185.5 kg·hm^-2.与F-PK和F-NPK处理相比,早稻季F-NPK+M和F-M处理显著增加CH₄累积排放量.同一施肥条件下,长期淹水处理CH₄累积排放量高于常规灌溉处理.灌溉和施肥极显著影响早稻季CH₄累积排放量.②早稻季和晚稻季N₂O累积排放量分别为0.18~0.76 kg·hm^-2和0.15~0.58 kg·hm^-2.与F-PK处理相比,早稻季F-NPK处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加;与D-PK相比,D-NPK、D-NPK+M和D-M处理显著增加N₂O累积排放量.与F-PK相比,晚稻季长期淹水其它处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加;与D-PK处理相比,D-NPK和D-M处理N₂O累积排放量显著增加.施肥极显著影响早稻季N₂O排放;灌溉和施肥极显著影响晚稻季N₂O排放.③早稻和晚稻产量分别为7310.7~9402.4 kg·hm^-2和3902.8~7354.6 kg·hm^-2,且F-NPK和F-M处理下早稻产量显著高于F-PK和D-NPK、D-PK和D-NPK处理.与PK处理相比,同一灌溉条件下其余3种施肥处理均显著增加晚稻产量.早稻季GWP和GHGI分别为580.8~2818.5kg·hm^-2和0.08~0.30 kg·kg^-1.与F-PK处理相比,常规灌溉条件下早稻季各施肥处理间GWP无显著性差异;但长期淹水条件下F-NPK+M和F-M处理GWP均显著增加.早稻季F-NPK+M和F-M处理GHGI显著高于其它处理.晚稻季GWP和GHGI分别为3091.6~6334.2 kg·hm^-2和0.50~1.23 kg·kg^-1.灌溉显著影响早稻和晚稻季GWP和GHGI,施肥对晚稻季GWP和GHGI的影响不显著.④土壤NH₄⁺-N含量和5 cm土温均与CH₄排放呈极显著负相关,pH与CH₄排放呈极显著正相关,但与N₂O排放呈显著负相关.土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量与N₂O排放呈极显著负相关.综合作物产量、GWP和GHGI考虑,D-NPK+M可推荐为当地最优的减排稳产的水肥管理模式.     

生命周期评价在我国固体废物环境管理中的应用

生命周期评价是评价产品、工艺或活动（服务）整个生命周期阶段有关环境负荷,进而辨识和评价减少环境影响机会的一种非常有用的工具。将生命周期评价应用于固体废物环境管理,无疑对于我国建立科学化的固体废物环境管理模式具有十分重要的作用。本文对生命周期评价的定义、主要阶段、应用工具、特点进行了阐述,并对生命周期评价如何应用于我国固体废物环境管理进行了探讨。     

Nonylphenol photodegradation by novel ternary MIL-100（Fe）/ZnFe2O4/PCN composite under visible light irradiation via double charge transfer process

Nonylphenol（NP） residues, as a typical endocrine disrupting chemical（EDC）, frequently exist in sewage, surface water, groundwater and even drinking water, which poses a serious threat to human health due to its bioaccumulation. In order to remove NP, a series of MIL-100（Fe）/Zn Fe₂O₄/flake-like porous carbon nitride（MIL/ZC） was synthesized through in-situ synthesis at room temperature. High performance of ternary MIL/ZC is used to degrade NP under visible light irradiation. ...     

Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater in karst virgin forest,Southwest China

Strontium isotope ratios and concentrations of Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and Al³⁺, Sr²⁺ were measured for 52 rainwater samples collected in virgin forest in a rural region between May 2007 and Dec. 2008. The rainwater pH values vary from 4.1 to 7.2 with a volume weight mean (VWM) value of 5.40. 40 of 52 samples have pH value above 5.0, indicating that the regional rainwater was not acidic. Among anions and cations, sulphate concentration (40.4 μeq l^?1, VWM) is the highest in the rainwater, followed by ammonium and calcium (30.2 and 20.8 μeq l^?1, VWM). Rainwater quality is characterized by low salinity and neutralized pH.The chemical compositions and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the rainwater samples vary considerably. Using Na⁺ concentration as an indicator of marine origin, the proportions of sea salt and crustal elements were estimated from elemental ratios. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios were used to characterize different sources base on the data sets of this study and those from literatures. Such sources include weathering of limestone (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7075), remote soil dust (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr > 0.7135) and anthropogenic source (fertilizers: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7079). The results of the present study suggest that one likely source for high ammonium and calcium concentration is local soil. Due to a large contribution of these cations to the sulphate neutralization action, the rainwater in this region displays non-acidity, and thus has not significant environmental impact. The wet precipitation in the karst virgin forest in Guizhou province is strongly influenced by natural sources rather than anthropogenic sources.     

XQH1.00地震安全性评价工作程序包简介

ＸＱＨ１．００地震安全性评价工作程序包具先进性、灵活性、可靠性和实用性。编制者对危险性分析、人造地震动和土层反应等主要程序作了一系列改进，使之具有较强的计算性能。其中，人造地震动采用了自己研究提出的新技术——即时域迭加技术和反应谱整体逼近技术。该软件包采用菜单方式，实行人机对话和各种表格图件全部汉化。图件的输出可使用打印机和绘图仪，具有优良的服务性能。     

Subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd and Cd-Zn interaction in different barley genotypes

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study the genotypic difference in subcellular distribution and chemical form of Cd and Zn uptake and their interaction in four barley genotypes. Increased Cd level in the medium caused a significant increase of Cd concentration in all fractions of roots/shoots, with most accumulation in FI (cell wall) and FIV (soluble). In root, the greatest amount of Cd was found in extraction solution of 2% HAC or 0.6M HCl, followed by 1M NaCl (20%), and lowest in extraction of 80% ethanol or d-H2O. While in shoot, the highest value of Cd accumulation was recorded in the fractions extracted by 1M NaCl and 2% HAC, followed by 0.6M HCl or d-H2O, and least in 80% ethanol extraction solution. There was a distinct difference among genotypes in Cd concentration in subcellular and chemical forms and it was found that the Cd-sensitive genotype Wumaoliuling, in comparison with the other three Cd-resistant genotypes, had higher Cd concentration in chloroplast-shoot/trophoplast-root (FII), membrane and organelle (FIII) and in inorganic and water-soluble Cd of roots, while lower in FI, FIV and pectates/protein integrated Cd. After 48 h of Cd treatment, the plants were replaced into Cd-free nutrient solution and grown for 72 h, a significant decrease in Cd concentration of root FI was observed, with less Cd reduction in Wumaoliuling. In comparison with control (no Cd), addition of Cd significantly increased Zn accumulation in chloroplast (FII), with least increase in Wumaoliuling. The Zn content in the other 3 fractions decreased significantly with addition of Cd, especially in roots, while Wumaoliuling was the most severely affected genotype. Moreover, it could be suggested Zn supplement could significantly reduce Cd concentration in root trophoplast and in shoot soluble fraction of Cd-treated plants.     

液态高炉渣热量回收利用方法及问题

钢铁冶金行业生产会产生大量的高炉渣。高炉渣由于自身温度比较高，含热量丰富，对能源工业来说是一种很好的二次资源。世界上已有一些国家对高炉渣热量的回收利用进行了一定的研究，而国内这方面的研究却很少。详细介绍了近几年国内外对高炉渣热量回收利用的情况，在此基础上，阐述了高炉渣热回收技术需要解决的关键问题和发展趋势。     

三维电极法在微污染水处理中的应用研究

采用三维电极法对微污染水进行处理。试验结果表明 ,在三维电极反应器中进行的反应为一级反应 ,反应遵从下述关系 :Ct=C0 e-kt;处理效果由水质状况和反应器条件决定 ;采用绝缘物质与吸附剂按一定比例混合的填料进行处理 ,能够提高电解效率