Simultaneous removal of nitrate and pentachlorophenol from simulated groundwater using a biodenitrification reactor packed with corncob

Both nitrate and pentachlorophenol (PCP) are familiar pollutants in aqueous environment. This research is focused on the simultaneous removal of nitrate and PCP from simulated contaminated groundwater using a laboratory-scale denitrification reactor packed with corncob as both carbon source and biofilm support. The reactor could be started up readily, and the removal efficiencies of nitrate and PCP reached up to approximately 98 % and 40–45 % when their initial concentrations were 50 mg N/L and 5 mg/L, respectively, after 15-day continuous operation at 10 h of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 25 °C. Approximately 91 % of PCP removal efficiency was achieved, with 2.47 mg/L of chloride ion release at 24 h of HRT. Eighty-two percent of chlorine in PCP removed was ionized. The productions of 3-chlorophenol and phenol and chloride ion release indicate that the reductive dechlorination reaction is a major degradation pathway of PCP under the experimental conditions.     

响应曲面法优化固相反硝化的工艺条件

以一种新型可降解材料PLA/PHBV共混物为碳源和生物膜载体,对硝酸盐污染水进行反硝化脱氮。在温度为(29±1)℃,pH为(7.5±0.2)条件下,利用响应曲面法考察了进水硝态氮浓度、水力停留时间(HRT)和出水硝态氮浓度之间的关系,建立了以出水硝态氮浓度为响应值的二次多项式回归模型,模型预测值与实验值能很好吻合。方差分析结果表明,进水硝态氮浓度和HRT及其交互作用对响应值均具有显著性影响(P<0.01)。     

双氧水-高锰酸钾催化氧化降解地下水中硝基苯的效能与机理

应用双氧水-高锰酸钾(H2O2-KMnO4)催化氧化作用,对地下水中硝基苯(NB)的降解效果和作用机理进行了研究,探讨了H2O2、KMnO4的不同浓度、不同pH值以及地下水中比较有代表性的共存离子钙(Ca2+)、镁(Mg2+)、铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、重碳酸根(HCO3-)、碳酸根(CO23-)等因素对NB氧化...     

上向流曝气生物滤池反冲洗实验研究

为进一步探讨水头损失、反冲洗条件及反冲洗效果之间的关系,在前期理论分析的基础上,对天然斜发沸石、页岩陶粒和石灰岩碎石填料等3座曝气生物滤池的水洗、气洗和水漂洗等基本反冲洗过程进行了优化研究,考察了反冲洗后滤池水头损失的恢复情况以及反冲洗对处理效能的影响。结果表明,反冲洗后初滤出水的COD和SS稍有增加,但很快就在2 h...     

污泥好氧颗粒化过程中微生物群落结构的演变与分析

为了揭示颗粒污泥形成过程中微生物群落结构多样性的演变过程,以人工配水为进水,在SBR中采用厌氧/好氧循环的手段成功培育出具有聚磷特性的颗粒污泥,利用基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE技术获得了微生物群落的DNA特征指纹图谱,对条带进行了统计分析和切胶测序,并建立了系统发育树。结果表明,污泥沉降性能的改善要先于颗粒污...     

城市生活垃圾中纤维素含量测定方法优化

对传统硫酸法进行改进,建立适用于城市生活垃圾纤维素含量的测定方法。以脂肪抽提时间、硫酸浓度、水解反应温度、水解反应时间、稀释硫酸浓度、回流时间为考察因素进行6因素5水平正交实验。结果表明,测定纤维素含量的最佳条件为：脂肪抽提时间4h、硫酸浓度70％、水解反应温度30℃、水解反应时间5h、稀释硫酸浓度5％、回流时间3h。优化后纤维素测定条件RSD均小于1．69％,平均回收率98．76％,表明该方法的精度高,可靠行强。     

Effects of phenanthrene on the mortality, growth, and anti-oxidant system of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) under laboratory conditions

To assess the toxic effects of phenanthrene on earthworms, we exposed Eisenia fetida to artificial soils supplemented with different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 12.5, mgkg(-1) soil) of phenanthrene. The residual phenanthrene in the soil, the bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in earthworms, and the subsequent effects of phenanthrene on growth, anti-oxidant enzyme activities, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined. The degradation rate of low concentrations of phenanthrene was faster than it was for higher concentrations, and the degradation half-life was 7.3d (0.5 mgkg(-1)). Bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in the earthworms decreased the phenanthrene concentration in soils, and phenanthrene content in the earthworms significantly increased with increasing initial soil concentrations. Phenanthrene had a significant effect on E. fetida growth, and the 14-d LC(50) was calculated as 40.67 mgkg(-1). Statistical analysis of the growth inhibition rate showed that the concentration and duration of exposure had significant effects on growth inhibition (p<0.001). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased at the beginning (2 and 7d) and decreased in the end (14 and 28 d). Catalase (CAT) activity in all treatments was inhibited from 1 to 14 d of exposure. However, no significant perturbations in malondialdehyde (MDA) content were noted between control and phenanthrene-treated earthworms except after 2d of exposure. These results revealed that bioaccumulation of phenanthrene in E. fetida caused concentration-dependent, sub-lethal toxicity. Growth and superoxide dismutase activity can be regarded as sensitive parameters for evaluating the toxicity of phenanthrene to earthworms.     

Cadmium accumulation in and tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties with different rates of radial oxygen loss

Cadmium (Cd) uptake and tolerance were investigated among 20 rice cultivars based on a field experiment (1.2 mg Cd kg⁻¹ in soil) and a soil pot trial (control, 100 mg Cd kg⁻¹), and rates of radial oxygen loss (ROL) were measured under a deoxygenated solution. Significant differences were found among the cultivars in: (1) brown rice Cd concentrations (0.11-0.29 mg kg⁻¹) in a field soil, (2) grain Cd tolerance (34-113%) and concentrations (2.1-6.5 mg kg⁻¹) in a pot trial, and (3) rates of ROL (15-31 mmol O₂ kg⁻¹ root d.w. h⁻¹). Target hazard quotients were calculated for the field experiment to assess potential Cd risk. Significant negative relationships were found between rates of ROL and concentrations of Cd in brown rice or straw under field and greenhouse conditions, indicating that rice cultivars with higher rates of ROL had higher capacities for limiting the transfer of Cd to rice and straw.     

交流示波极谱滴定废水中的酚

鉴于Ｂｒ２在交流示波极谱曲线上有切口,提出以盐酸和溴化钾的混合溶液夜底液,用溴酸钾标准溶液直接滴定水样中酚,以Ｂｒ２的切口出现指示终点,由于本法不受色度,浊度等干优,故省去了预蒸馏等步骤,方法简便,快速。     

通风换气改善居室空气质量及健康效应的研究

于1988年12月至1989年4月,对417户有儿童居室的通风换气与呼吸道健康状况进行了调查,并以模拟方式探讨改善措施。结果表明,85％居室每小时换气次数(ACH)介于0.5—1.0之间,ACH与儿童呼吸道每100人周(pw)症状率呈负相关关系(P<0.01),ACH<0.5儿童呼吸道症状率3.52/100pw高于其他组;开窗时ACH为关门窗时的4倍,室内空气中CO_2、HCHO、~(222)Rn浓度关门窗为开门时的1—3倍,室内风速<0.05m/s,通风效率E<1,致使污染物逐渐累积,长期接触有害健康,如若以“对流论”组织通风,则可有效地改善空气质量,增进居民健康。