水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水的污染物迁移降解试验研究

水解酸化-缺氧法对采油废水有较好的处理效果,采用GC/MS技术对水解酸化-缺氧法处理采油废水过程中污染物的迁移降解进行的研究表明:水解酸化段和缺氧段对采油废水中碳原子为C6～C9、分子量为100～140的有机物均有较好的降解能力.其中,在水解酸化段中酮类、芳烃得到较好的降解,缺氧段中酚类和醚类化合物降解明显.水解酸化-缺氧工艺对于采油废水中的甲苯和二甲苯具有较好的降解能力.     

气田开发对环境的影响对策——以陕甘宁盆地中部气田为例

陕甘宁盆地中部气田地处陕北黄土高原区,区内的环境问题突出表现为水资源缺乏,生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重。为了减少气田开发对水环境和生态环境的不良影响,提出了相应的预防措施。     

Releasing nitrogen from ammoniated lignin by white rot fungus cometabolizes environmental pollutants

The nitrogen-modified lignocelluloses(NML) produced under oxic ammoniation was metabolized by white rot fungus, NH4^ -N was released, NO3^- -N concentration was decreased and total nitrogen loss was blocked within incubation period. During releasing nitrogen from the metabolism of NML, white rot fungus cometabolized recalcitrant environmental pollutants and showed higher degradation capability. Results indicated that this NML complex colonized by white rot fungus might be effective with economic feasibility when they are applied into the vast field ecosystem, it might stabilize NH4^ nitrngen flux and bioremediate the polluted environmental sites.     

水力循环澄清池处理矿井水的设计和运行

采用水力循环澄清池处理煤矿矿井水，经几个矿多年实践表明处理效果良好。本文重点论述了水力循环澄清池处理矿井水的工作原理，设计参数，要点和运行要素等。     

Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater in karst virgin forest,Southwest China

Strontium isotope ratios and concentrations of Ca²⁺, NH₄⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^?, SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and Al³⁺, Sr²⁺ were measured for 52 rainwater samples collected in virgin forest in a rural region between May 2007 and Dec. 2008. The rainwater pH values vary from 4.1 to 7.2 with a volume weight mean (VWM) value of 5.40. 40 of 52 samples have pH value above 5.0, indicating that the regional rainwater was not acidic. Among anions and cations, sulphate concentration (40.4 μeq l^?1, VWM) is the highest in the rainwater, followed by ammonium and calcium (30.2 and 20.8 μeq l^?1, VWM). Rainwater quality is characterized by low salinity and neutralized pH.The chemical compositions and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the rainwater samples vary considerably. Using Na⁺ concentration as an indicator of marine origin, the proportions of sea salt and crustal elements were estimated from elemental ratios. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios were used to characterize different sources base on the data sets of this study and those from literatures. Such sources include weathering of limestone (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7075), remote soil dust (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr > 0.7135) and anthropogenic source (fertilizers: ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.7079). The results of the present study suggest that one likely source for high ammonium and calcium concentration is local soil. Due to a large contribution of these cations to the sulphate neutralization action, the rainwater in this region displays non-acidity, and thus has not significant environmental impact. The wet precipitation in the karst virgin forest in Guizhou province is strongly influenced by natural sources rather than anthropogenic sources.     

放射性核素在海水、底质及海洋生物间的转移--Ⅱ.生物过程的作用

本实验把扁藻、三角褐指藻、文蛤、毛蚶、对虾、罗非鱼等海洋生物引入人工水池小生境后,研究~(137)Cs、~(134)Cs、~(65)Zn、~(60)Co、~(59)Fe、~(54)Mn等核素在这一体系中行为的变化.结果表明,引入扁藻.三角褐指藻后,首先改变了~(54)Mn的存在状态,使其不易富集在藻体上;引入实验动物一个月后,并没有减少原先浮游藻类、底质对核素的吸附,但水体中相当部分的~(54)Mn、~(60)Co已转移至动物体中,池底粪粒沉淀物中的~(54)Mn、~(65)Zn、~(60)Co、~(59)Fe的含量也相当高,从而大大改变了核素在人工水池小生境中的转移规律.     

Parameter determination to calculate water environmental capacity in Zhangweinan Canal Sub-basin in China

Zhangweinan canal sub-basin (ZWN) has the most serious water resource shortage and water pollution problems in north of China. To calculate the water environmental capacity in ZWN, determination methods for design flow rates and degradation coeffcients were discussed in this study. Results showed that 90% and 50% hydrological guarantee flow rates were suitable to be the design flow rates for rainy and dry seasons, respectively. Degradation coeffcients of COD_Mn and NH₃-N were 0.25 day⁻¹ and 0.15 day⁻¹ for branch streams and 0.5 day⁻¹ and 0.25 day⁻¹ for mainstreams, respectively in ZWN. With one-dimensional water quality simulation model, water environmental capacities were calculated to be 82,139 tons/yr for COD_Mn and 2394 tons/yr for NH₃-N in ZWN.     

黄、渤海恶劣天气影响船舶安全的风险预估技术初探

在黄渤海船舶类型调查和事故调查的基础上,将船舶航行作为由人-船-环境组成的多因素复杂系统,将气象海况条件作为操船环境因素之一,依据风险决策ALARP准则,调查得到黄海、渤海海区大风浪条件下5 000 t以下货船和客滚轮的不同风险等级标准,具有一定的可操作性。依托精细化的数值预报产品,建立气象保障支持系统,并加工不同船舶的风险预估产品。对实际出现的海难事故进行风险预估,证明了方法的可用性。还需要研究更多船型的风险预估方法和黄海、渤海海区航行船舶的风险区划;已有方法也有待深化。     

Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and oxidation of phenol over monoclinic BiVO4 under visible light irradiation

BiVO4 powder with monoclinic structure was prepared and used as a visible-light catalyst simultaneously for the photooxidation of phenol and the photoreduction of Cr(VI). The photocatalytic efficiency was found to be rather low for either single phenol solution or single Cr(VI) solution. However, the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and photocatalytic oxidation of phenol proceed more rapidly for the coexistence system of phenol and Cr(VI) than for the single process, showing synergetic effect between the oxidation and reduction reactions. For the simultaneous photocatalytic reduction-oxidation process, the first-order kinetic constant of phenol degradation was 0.0314 min-1, being about six times higher than that for the photocatalytic process of single phenol. This result reveals the feasibility of using Cr(VI) as the electron scavenger of mBiVO4-mediated photocatalytic process of phenol degradation, and gives us an enlightenment to employ other semiconductor with a better visible light response but with a more positive band edge to efficiently degrade organic pollutants. This is the first report for simultaneous photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) and removal of phenol under visible light irradiation using photocatalyst mBiVO4.     

Evaluation of health benefit using BenMAP-CE with an integrated scheme of model and monitor data during Guangzhou Asian Games

Guangzhou is the capital and largest city(land area:7287 km2)of Guangdong province in South China.The air quality in Guangzhou typically worsens in November due to unfavorable meteorological conditions for pollutant dispersion.During the Guangzhou Asian Games in November 2010,the Guangzhou government carried out a number of emission control measures that significantly improved the air quality.In this paper,we estimated the acute health outcome changes related to the air quality improvement during the 2010 Guangzhou Asian Games using a next-generation,fully-integrated assessment system for air quality and health benefits.This advanced system generates air quality data by fusing model and monitoring data instead of using monitoring data alone,which provides more reliable results.The air quality estimates retain the spatial distribution of model results while calibrating the value with observations.The results show that the mean PM_2.5concentration in November 2010 decreased by 3.5μg/m~3 compared to that in 2009 due to the emission control measures.From the analysis,we estimate that the air quality improvement avoided 106 premature deaths,1869 cases of hospital admission,and 20,026 cases of outpatient visits.The overall cost benefit of the improved air quality is estimated to be 165 million CNY,with the avoided premature death contributing 90%of this figure.The research demonstrates that Ben MAP-CE is capable of assessing the health and cost benefits of air pollution control for sound policy making.