栉孔扇贝内参基因稳定性研究

合适的内参基因对准确定量目标基因表达水平非常重要。利用实时定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-qPCR)分析了不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露条件下栉孔扇贝性腺组织中β-actin、β-TUB、EF-lα、18SrRNA和GAPDH5个内参基因的表达水平,并利用RefFinder软件对其表达稳定性进行了分析。结果表明:在所考察的内参基因中,EF-lα在栉孔扇贝不同发育阶段和雌激素暴露下的表达均最为稳定,可作为定量目标基因表达水平的内参基因之一。     

Pesticide pollution in agricultural areas of Northern Vietnam: case study in Hoang Liet and Minh Dai communes

Soils and agricultural products from the Red River basin in Northern Vietnam were reported to be contaminated by agrichemicals. To assess potential exposure of local farmers and consumers to these contaminants, pesticide use and management practices of local farmers were surveyed and residue concentrations were determined for recently used as well as for banned pesticides in water, soil, vegetables, and fish samples in two communes of Northern Vietnam. DDTs, HCHs, and Drin compounds still persist at relatively high concentrations in soil and occur in vegetable and fish samples. Recently used pesticides, such as fenobucarb, trichlorfon, cyfluthrin, and cypermethrin were detected in vegetable and fish samples. Thresholds for acceptable daily intake levels (ADI) were frequently reached in the analyzed food products pointing to the fact that current pesticide management practices do not only result in a pollution of the environment but also pose threats to human health.     

强化内电解预处理制药废水

为进一步提高铁炭内电解法处理制药废水的处理效率,采用添加不同强化剂的方法考察分析强化因子的影响效果。在C加入量10 g/L,铁屑30 g/L,反应时间150 min,pH值7.5的条件下,以不同的盐、金属铜、双氧水作强化剂分别加入反应体系中,检测COD去除效果。实验结果表明：当每升废水中分别加入氯化铜、硫酸锰、硝酸镍、金属铜、双氧水(30%)量为0.324 g、1.51 g、3.66 g、15 g、6 mL时,COD去除率分别为28.89%、44.70%、34.04%、23.45%和24.14%,强化剂的加入有效地提高了废水COD去除效果,也很好地提高了废水可生化性。     

Ambient sulfur dioxide,nitrogen dioxide,and ammonia at ten background and rural sites in China during 2007–2008

We present two years (January 2007–December 2008) of atmospheric SO₂, NO₂ and NH₃ measurements from ten background or rural sites in nine provinces in China. The measurements were made on a monthly basis using passive samplers under careful quality control. The results show large geographical and seasonal variations in the concentrations of these gases. The mean SO₂ concentration varied from 0.7 ± 0.4 ppb at Waliguan on Qinghai Plateau to 67.3 ± 31.1 ppb at Kaili in Guizhou province. The mean NO₂ concentration ranged from 0.6 ± 0.4 ppb at Waliguan to 23.9 ± 6.9 ppb at Houma in southern Shanxi. The mean NH₃ concentration ranged from 2.8 ± 3.0 ppb at Shangdianzi in northeastern Beijing to 13.7 ± 8.4 ppb at Houma. At most sites, SO₂ and NO₂ peaked in winter and reached minima in summer, while NH₃ showed maximum values in summer and lower values in cold seasons. On the whole, the geographical distributions of the observed gas concentrations are consistent with those of emissions. The ground measurements of SO₂ and NO₂ are contrasted to the SCIAMACHY SO₂ and OMI NO₂ tropospheric columns, respectively. Although the satellite data can capture the main features of emissions and concentrations of SO₂, they do not reflect the variations of SO₂ in the surface layer. The situation is better for the case of NO₂. The OMI NO₂ columns capture the geographical differences in the ground NO₂ and correlate fairly well with the ground levels of NO₂ at six of the ten sites.     

Quantifying the burden of managing wildlife diseases in multiple host species

Mitigation of infectious wildlife diseases is especially challenging where pathogens affect communities of multiple host species. Although most ecological studies recognize the challenge posed by multiple-species pathogens, the implications for management are typically assessed only qualitatively. Translating the intuitive understanding that multiple host species are important into practice requires a quantitative assessment of whether and how secondary host species should also be targeted by management and the effort this will require. Using a multiple-species compartmental model, we determined analytically whether and how intensively secondary host species should be managed to prevent outbreaks in focal hosts based on the reproduction number of individual host species and between-species transmission rates. We applied the model to the invasive pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans in a 2-host system in northern Europe. Avoiding a disease outbreak in the focal host (fire salamanders [Salamandra salamandra]) was impossible unless management also heavily targeted the secondary host (alpine newts [Ichthyosaura alpestris]). Preventing an outbreak in the community required targeted removal of at least 80% of each species. This proportion increased to 90% in the presence of an environmental reservoir of B. salamandrivorans and when the proportion of individuals removed could not be adjusted for different host species (e.g., when using traps that are not species specific). We recommend the focus of disease-mitigation plans should shift from focal species to the community level and calculate explicitly the management efforts required on secondary host species to move beyond the simple intuitive understanding that multiple host species may all influence the system. Failure to do so may lead to underestimating the magnitude of the effort required and ultimately to suboptimal or futile management attempts.     

Environmental impacts of asphalt mixes with electric arc furnace steel slag

Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag can be used as an alternative high-quality material in road construction. Although asphalts with slag aggregates have been recognized as environmentally acceptable, there is a lack of data concerning the potential leaching of toxic Cr(VI) due to the highly alkaline media of EAF slag. Leaching of selected water extractable metals from slag indicated elevated concentrations of total chromium and Cr(VI). To estimate the environmental impacts of asphalt mixes with slag, leachability tests based on diffusion were performed using pure water and salt water as leaching agents. Compact and ground asphalt composites with natural aggregates, and asphalt composites in which the natural aggregates were completely replaced by slag were prepared. The concentrations of total chromium and Cr(VI) were determined in leachates over a time period of 6 mo. After 1 and 6 mo, the concentrations of some other metals were also determined in the leachates. The results indicated that chromium in leachates from asphalt composites with the addition of slag was present almost solely in its hexavalent form. However, the concentrations were very low (below 25 μg L) and did not represent an environmental burden. The leaching of other metals from asphalt composites with the addition of slag was negligible. Therefore, the investigated EAF slag can be considered as environmentally safe substitute for natural aggregates in asphalt mixes.     

聚酰胺及其改性材料自然老化行为研究及预测

在自然环境(武汉)下进行了两年半的老化曝晒实验,随着老化时间的增长,聚酰胺材料的吸水率逐渐增加,力学性能下降,表面出现了不同程度的裂纹.通过吸水率测试和力学性能的比较,发现环境湿度影响聚酰胺老化过程中力学性能变化,湿度越大,材料力学性能下降越快;改性后,即添加了玻璃纤维后的聚酰胺,能够在一定程度下减缓材料老化行为.对材...     

蓟运河水中甲基汞形态分布研究

以受汞污染的蓟运河水为对象,用化学平衡模拟方法研究了甲基汞不同形态的分布规律,运用IECWDI计算水体系化学平衡程序,收集蓟运河水九种金属离子、十种配体数据,考虑了72种络合物物种,25种可能生成的固体和两个氧化还原体系,计算中需用的甲基汞与黄腐酸络合物常数,建立了溶剂萃取法进行测定。最后计算了盐度、pH、pE等对形态分布的影响。     

Size-segregated trace elements in continental suburban aerosols: seasonal variation and estimation of local,regional, and remote emission sources

We have measured trace element contents in suburban aerosols from six size fractions in the range of PM_0.27–16 from a background station in Belgrade (Serbia). The distribution and concentration of elements were determined within each of the investigated Dp fractions with emphasis on the fine and coarse modes. Fine/coarse mode ratios of element can provide information regarding their anthropogenic or natural origin. Analysis of seasonal variations of element contents in fine and coarse mode show that Cd, Co, K, and V have higher concentrations in the fine mode during heating season, while Fe contents are lower. In the coarse mode, Cu and V have higher concentrations during the heating season, while Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Sb contents are lower. We also apply a distribution probability model (normal, log-normal, and three-parameter Weibull) as new approach to estimate the distances of emission sources that can contribute to pollutant contents in particulate matter of the investigated location.     

安全的公路通向安全的未来——美国公路安全改进计划（HSIP）自评工具概述

本文主要介绍了美国公路安全改进计划（HSIP）的制定背景及其自评工具在领导、管理、规划、实施、评价方面的详细内容和实施方法。同时也描述了如何分析评价结果和制定行动计划,从而最大限度地保障人民群众的生命和财产安全。