香港城市固体废物系统管理

本文以大量翔实的数据介绍了香港对城市固体废物的系统管理,即分类、收集、监测分析、处理和预测评价。香港环保署自８０ 年代开始对城市固体废物进行监测并系统管理。在全港设置了３ 个大型策略性填埋场、５ 个垃圾转运站、１ 个垃圾焚烧厂（１９９７ 年５ 月关闭） 和１个化学废物处理中心。目前,香港政府正筹建一个新的、技术先进的焚烧厂。从１９８６ ～１９９７年,这些废物处理设施处理全港废物量为８９６０ ～２４３００ｔ／ｄ,其中城市固体废物比例每年不等,最低为３０ ．７ ％ ,最高为６５ ．５ ％ 。１９９７ 年,这些废物中可循环再利用物接近５０ ％ ,出口部分达１２０ 多万吨,回收资金２０ 多亿港元。根据历年来城市固体废物量与本地生产总值（ＧＤＰ）和人口数量的密切相关性,预测出２０１１ 年城市固体废物人均产率为２ ．５６ｋｇ／ 人·ｄ, 城市固体废物量为１２８１０ ｔ／ｄ。城市固体废物系统管理紧迫而重要,香港的经验是值得我们借鉴的。     

露天矿边坡岩体裂隙测量与卸荷破坏的数值模拟研究*

为探究露天矿不同高度边坡卸荷破坏模式的异同,以辽宁鞍山大孤山铁矿某岩质边坡为背景,利用边坡岩体内优势裂隙组产状、迹长和密度等随机分布参数,构建与边坡结构面具有相似分布规律的二维网络模型,借助PFC数值计算软件,探讨不同开采水平下坡体位移场和裂隙发展的时空演化规律以及边坡的破坏模式。研究结果表明:在边坡开挖过程中,出现的裂隙以张拉裂隙为主;裂隙主要出现在靠近坡面一定范围内,从坡面向里,裂隙数量减小,裂隙初始出现在坡脚区域,而后向坡顶发展;边坡开挖后,水平位移由负变为正,且突然增大,而后呈现阶跃型增长;边坡水平和竖向位移最大值发生在坡脚区域和靠近坡面位置,远离坡面,位移逐渐减小。     

Highly efficient and selective removal of phosphate from wastewater of sea cucumber aquaculture for microalgae culture using a new adsorption-membrane separation-coordinated strategy

● A new adsorption-membrane separation strategy is used for phosphate removal. ● PVC/Zr-BT shows a selective adsorption ability to low-concentration phosphate. ● Low concentration of P below 0.05 mg/L was achieved in actual wastewater treatment. ● Algal biomass production served as a demonstration of phosphorus recycling. Enhanced phosphorus treatment and recovery has been continuously pursued due to the stringent wastewater discharge regulations and a phosphate supply shortage. Here, a new adsorption-membrane separation strategy was developed for rational reutilization of phosphate from sea cucumber aquaculture wastewater using a Zr-modified-bentonite filled polyvinyl chloride membrane. The as-obtained polyvinyl chloride/Zr-modified-bentonite membrane was highly permeability (940 L/(m²·h)), 1–2 times higher than those reported in other studies, and its adsorption capacity was high (20.6 mg/g) when the phosphate concentration in water was low (5 mg/L). It remained stable under various conditions, such as different pH, initial phosphate concentrations, and the presence of different ions after 24 h of adsorption in a cross-flow filtration system. The total phosphorus and phosphate removal rate reached 91.5% and 95.9%, respectively, after the membrane was used to treat sea cucumber aquaculture wastewater for 24 h and no other water quality parameters had been changed. After the purification process, the utilization of the membrane as a new source of phosphorus in the phosphorus-free f/2 medium experiments indicated the high cultivability of economic microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum FACHB-863 and 1.2 times more chlorophyll a was present than in f/2 medium. The biomass and lipid content of the microalgae in the two different media were similar. The innovative polyvinyl chloride/Zr-modified-bentonite membrane used for phosphorus removal and recovery is an important instrument to establish the groundwork for both the treatment of low concentration phosphate from wastewater as well as the reuse of enriched phosphorus in required fields.     

浙江省沿海地区农村房屋抗风情况调研

对浙江省沿海地区的农村房屋抗风情况进行了调研,总结了被破坏房屋的主要结构特点。在对现有房屋的统计中发现相对不富裕地区高达60%以上的房屋属于抗风能力差和较差的,而一些比较富裕且受过台风袭击有过惨痛教训地区的房屋抗风能力差和较差的仅在20%以下。进一步研究发现抗风能力较好的房屋大都是建造年代不久,多为混凝土现浇板屋盖,上部多为框架或砖混结构,而抗风能力较差和差的大都为建造年代已久,多为小青瓦屋面,上部结构多为砖木结构或构造措施较差的砖混结构。同时对当地村民传统的"砖头压瓦"防护措施进行理论验算,得出当风速超过台风界限风速时,屋面上的砖头将会飞起,该措施应该避免。     

基于层次分析法的烟火药制造过程爆炸事故分析

结合烟花爆竹行业安全评价经验,在危险源辨识理论的指导下,运用因果图法对该过程发生的爆炸事故进行定性分析,找出导致事故发生的因素;再运用层次分析法(AHP)进行定量分析,建立层次结构模型,求出各因素的权重,得出各因素的重要程度,从而确定导致事故发生的关键因素,以此作为事故预防的重点。结果表明,人的不安全行为是影响事故的主导因素,此结论符合烟花爆竹行业生产现状,可以为企业制定合理的、有针对性的对策措施提供依据。     

Spatial Relationships of Levees and Wetland Systems within Floodplains of the Wabash Basin,USA

Given the unique biogeochemical, physical, and hydrologic services provided by floodplain wetlands, proper management of river systems should include an understanding of how floodplain modifications influence wetland ecosystems. The construction of levees can reduce river–floodplain connectivity, yet it is unclear how levees affect wetlands within floodplains, let alone the cumulative impacts within an entire watershed. This paper explores spatial relationships between levee and floodplain wetland systems in the Wabash Basin, United States. We used a hydrogeomorphic floodplain delineation technique to map floodplain extents and identify wetlands that may be hydrologically connected to river networks. We then spatially examined the relationship between levee presence, wetland area, and other river network attributes within discrete subbasins. Our results show that cumulative wetland area is relatively constant in subbasins that contain levees, regardless of maximum stream order within the subbasin. In subbasins that do not contain levees, cumulative wetland area increases with maximum stream order. However, we found that wetland distributions around levees can be complex, and further studies on the influence of levees on wetland habitat may need to consider finer resolution spatial scales.     

Multilevel air quality evolution in Shenyang: Impact of elevated point emission reduction

Visibility observed at different altitudes is favorable to understand the causes of air pollution. We conducted 4-years of observations of visibility at 2.8 and 60 m and particulate matter(PM) concentrations from 2015 to 2018 in Shenyang, a provincial city in Northeast China. The results indicated that visibility increased with the increasing height in winter(especially at night), and decreased with height in summer(especially at the daytime). PM concentration exhibited opposite vertical variati...     

Effects of green spaces on alleviating mortality attributable to PM2.5 in China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Increasing research suggested that green spaces are associated with many health benefits, but evidence for the quantitative relationship between green...     

雪花形钢板桩桩身变形影响因素研究∗

雪花形钢板桩是一种新型异型桩,为研究其在荷载作用下桩身变形特征,开展了雪花形钢板桩桩身变形数值模拟与室内模型试验研究,采用有限差分软件FLAC 3D 构建雪花形钢板桩数值分析模型,并与室内模型试验结果进行对比,验证了数值模型建立的合理性;同时研究了雪花形钢板桩翼缘数量、腹板(翼缘)厚度、腹板(翼缘)长度、桩长和钢板弹性模量对桩身变形的影响。结果表明：在竖向荷载作用下,雪花形钢板桩桩身应变随着深度增加而减小;增加雪花形钢板桩翼缘数量可以减小最大受力及改善桩体受力的均匀性;在相同条件下,雪花形钢板桩桩身应变随着腹板(翼缘)厚度增大而减小,随着腹板(翼缘)长度增大而减小,随着钢板弹性模量的增大而减小;随着桩长增长,距桩顶相同位置处的桩身应变不断增大,但最大应变大小一致发生在桩顶处。     

唐山市近岸海域入海排污口监管对策研究

“十三五”期间,唐山市加大重点流域和海域综合整治力度,入海污染物总量大幅减少,近岸海域优良水质面积比例呈上升趋势,但入海排污口数量仍然较大,陆源污染物通过入海排污口进入海洋,对海洋生态环境质量产生一定影响。唐山市作为渤海入海排污口排查整治试点城市,通过总结排查整治方法和监管措施经验,提出明确排污口管理责任、推进排污口分类整治、加强监管能力建设、开展排污口动态更新等监督管理措施建议,为渤海入海排污口全面排查整治提供可复制、可推广、可借鉴的排污口排查整治经验。