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91.
92.
Robert J. Macknight John E. Williamson Joseph J. Sableski JR. James O. Dealy 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):103-125
This paper examines various health effects of photochemical air pollution in Japan, primarily through the review of epidemiological studies. Health effects discussed include subjective respiratory symptoms, respiratory function testing, ocular effects, and hospital diagnostic tests. The downward trend in oxidant cautions and paralleled health effects, as reported by the Japanese Environmental Agency, are discussed. The methods determined by Japanese ordinance for measurement of oxidants, SO2, NO x , and CO are described. 相似文献
93.
94.
Luisa Martin Calvarro Ana de Santiago-Martín Javier Quirós Gómez Concepción González-Huecas Jose R. Quintana Antonio Vázquez Antonio L. Lafuente Teresa M. Rodríguez Fernández Rosalía Ramírez Vera 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):6176-6187
Organic matter (OM) plays a key role in microbial response to soil metal contamination, yet little is known about how the composition of the OM affects this response in Mediterranean calcareous agricultural soils. A set of Mediterranean soils, with different contents and compositions of OM and carbonate and fine mineral fractions, was spiked with a mixture of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn and incubated for 12 months for aging. Microbial (Biolog Ecoplates) and enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, DHA; β-galactosidase, BGAL; phosphatase, PHOS; and urease, URE) were assessed and related to metal availability and soil physicochemical parameters. All enzyme activities decreased significantly with metal contamination: 36–68 % (DHA), 24–85 % (BGAL), 22–72 % (PHOS), and 14–84 % (URE) inhibitions. Similarly, catabolic activity was negatively affected, especially phenol catabolism (~86 % compared to 25–55 % inhibition for the rest of the substrates). Catabolic and DHA activities were negatively correlated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-extractable Cd and Pb, but positively with CaCl2, NaNO3, and DTPA-extractable Cu and Zn. Soluble OM (water- and hot-water-soluble organic C) was positively related to enzyme and catabolic activities. Recalcitrant OM and fine mineral fractions were positively related to BGAL and PHOS. Conversely, catabolic activity was negatively related to clay and positively to silt and labile OM. Results indicate that the microbial response to metal contamination is highly affected by texture and OM composition. 相似文献
95.
A Case for Using Plethodontid Salamanders for Monitoring Biodiversity and Ecosystem Integrity of North American Forests 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Abstract: Terrestrial salamanders of the family Plethodontidae have unique attributes that make them excellent indicators of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity in forested habitats. Their longevity, small territory size, site fidelity, sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic perturbations, tendency to occur in high densities, and low sampling costs mean that counts of plethodontid salamanders provide numerous advantages over counts of other North American forest organisms for indicating environmental change. Furthermore, they are tightly linked physiologically to microclimatic and successional processes that influence the distribution and abundance of numerous other hydrophilic but difficult-to-study forest-dwelling plants and animals. Ecosystem processes such as moisture cycling, food-web dynamics, and succession, with their related structural and microclimatic variability, all affect forest biodiversity and have been shown to affect salamander populations as well. We determined the variability associated with sampling for plethodontid salamanders by estimating the coefficient of variation (CV ) from available time-series data. The median coefficient of variation indicated that variation in counts of individuals among studies was much lower in plethodontids (27%) than in lepidoptera (93%), passerine birds (57%), small mammals (69%), or other amphibians (37–46%), which means plethodontid salamanders provide an important statistical advantage over other species for monitoring long-term forest health. 相似文献
96.
KRISTINE O. EVANS L. WES BURGER JR. SAM RIFFELL MARK D. SMITH 《Conservation biology》2014,28(4):892-901
Mounting evidence of wildlife population gains from targeted conservation practices has prompted the need to develop and evaluate practices that are integrated into production agriculture systems and targeted toward specific habitat objectives. However, effectiveness of targeted conservation actions across broader landscapes is poorly understood. We evaluated multiregion, multispecies avian densities on row‐crop fields with native grass field margins (i.e., buffers) as part of the first U.S. agricultural conservation practice designed to support habitat and population recovery objectives of a national wildlife conservation initiative. We coordinated breeding season point transect surveys for 6 grassland bird species on 1151 row‐crop fields with and without native grass buffers (9–37 m) in 14 U.S. states (10 ecoregions) from 2006 to 2011. In most regions, breeding season densities of 5 of 6 targeted bird species were greater in the 500‐m surrounding survey points centered on fields with native grass buffers than in landscapes without buffers. Relative effect sizes were greatest for Northern Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), Dickcissel (Spiza americana), and Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley and Eastern Tallgrass Prairie regions. Other species (e.g., Eastern Meadowlark [Sturnella magna], Grasshopper Sparrow [Ammodramus savannarum]) exhibited inconsistent relative effect sizes. Bird densities on fields with and without buffers were greatest in the Central Mixed‐grass Prairie region. Our results suggest that strategic use of conservation buffers in regions with the greatest potential for relative density increases in target species will elicit greater range‐wide population response than diffuse, uninformed, and broadly distributed implementation of buffers. We recommend integrating multiple conservation practices in broader agricultural landscapes to maximize conservation effectiveness for a larger suite of species. Evaluación de los Beneficios de la Mutliregionalidad de Aves a Partir de Amortiguadores Agriculturales Estratégicamente Señalados 相似文献
97.
Sofía Copello Ana I. Dogliotti Domingo A. Gagliardini Flavio Quintana 《Marine Biology》2011,158(6):1247-1257
The study of how and why marine animals distribute themselves at sea has important conservation and management implications
of the species and their habitats. We characterize the oceanographic and biological landscapes of the marine areas used by
breeding Southern Giant Petrels (Macronectes giganteus) at Patagonian colonies and explore inter-sexual and inter-colony differences. The at-sea movements of 16 adults (7 males
and 9 females) were studied by means of satellite telemetry techniques during 1999, 2000, 2002, and 2004 breeding seasons.
Southern Giant Petrels utilized an oceanographic scenario characterized by high productivity, warm sea surface temperature,
and shallow waters. The biological landscape was characterized by a high availability of squid and carrion nearby colonies.
Females spent more time in the shelf break and exploited deeper waters than males. In contrast, males spent more time in coastal
areas and they showed a higher spatial overlap with areas of high squid density than females. Such a prosperous foraging scenario
for both sexes may play a key role in the growth of the breeding population of Southern Giant Petrel Patagonian colonies. 相似文献
98.
Key Elements of Landscape Pattern Measures 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
99.
Using Psychology to Save Biodiversity and Human Well-Being 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
100.
Abstract: Different deforestation agents, such as small farmers and large agricultural businesses, create different spatial patterns of deforestation. We analyzed the proportion of deforestation associated with different‐sized clearings in the Brazilian Amazon from 2002 through 2009. We used annual deforestation maps to determine total area deforested and the size distribution of deforested patches per year. The size distribution of deforested areas changed over time in a consistent, directional manner. Large clearings (>1000 ha) comprised progressively smaller amounts of total annual deforestation. The number of smaller clearings (6.25–50.00 ha) remained unchanged over time. Small clearings accounted for 73% of all deforestation in 2009, up from 30% in 2002, whereas the proportion of deforestation attributable to large clearings decreased from 13% to 3% between 2002 and 2009. Large clearings were concentrated in Mato Grosso, but also occurred in eastern Pará and in Rondônia. In 2002 large clearings accounted for 17%, 15%, and 10% of all deforestation in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia, respectively. Even in these states, where there is a highly developed agricultural business dominated by soybean production and cattle ranching, the proportional contribution of large clearings to total deforestation declined. By 2009 large clearings accounted for 2.5%, 3.5%, and 1% of all deforestation in Mato Grosso, Pará, and Rondônia, respectively. These changes in deforestation patch size are coincident with the implementation of new conservation policies by the Brazilian government, which suggests that these policies are not effectively reducing the number of small clearings in primary forest, whether these are caused by large landholders or smallholders, but have been more effective at reducing the frequency of larger clearings. 相似文献