The use of XAD-resins for the detection of mutagenic activity in water: I. Studies with surface water

A study of the effects of different XAD-resins, bed volume, flow rate, pH and type of eluent on the extraction of organic mutagens from surface water is presented. XAD-4/8 is as effective as XAD-2 in concentrating organic mutagens from surface water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) is as efficient as acetone in eluting the adsorbed organic mutagens. The latter allows direct testing up to 0.5 ml of DMSO concentrate in the Ames test. Variation of the pH of the water after passing the XAD-4/8, followed by readsorption, shows that the majority of the mutagenic activity due to dissolved organics is adsorbed at neutral pH. Only a minor fraction is readsorbed at pH 3. Further a XAD-4/8 concentrate and a similar concentrate prepared by freeze drying gives similar mutagenic activity. This indicates that many of the organic mutagens are recovered in the XAD-4/8 concentrate.It is concluded that adsorption on XAD-4/8, followed by direct testing of the DMSO eluates in the Ames test, presents a rapid and relatively simple way to detect low concentrations of organic mutagens in surface water. The general suitability of the method is shown for different types of surface water.     

Seasonal changes in an intertidal community affected by sewage pollution

Seasonal changes in structure of a rocky intertidal community affected by sewage pollution at Quequén (Argentina) were studied over a period of 2 years. Most species showed a decrease in cover values in the polluted area. On the other hand, a small proportion of organisms favoured by organic enrichment predominated around the outfall during the period of study. Community structure was not significantly altered by frosts or windstorms. Desiccation is identified as the main physical stress. A combination of late spring high temperatures with extreme midday low-tides caused by northerly winds was responsible for heavy losses in dominant algae. Major seasonal changes in community structure were primarily due to variations in area covered by the chlorophyte Ulva lactuca, and crusts of blue-green algae and diatoms in the vicinity of the outfall. Highest diversity values were attained during either late winter or spring, due to increased abundances of several seasonal algae. Abundance of the dominant organism, the bivalve Brachidontes rodriguezi, remained stable, showing only slight, non-seasonal, changes. Since the absence of B. rodriguezi is an indication of heavy pollution, temporal stability of this species suggests that the intensity of sewage discharges did not vary over the period of study.     

Variation in the development of cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna straus; effect of temperature, nutrition, age and genotype

The extent to which responses to toxicants can be modified by the environment and genotype of Daphnia magna is important for interpreting the results from ecotoxicity tests. Variation in the development of cadmium resistance and its relevance for survivorship has been investigated in two genetically distinct clones of D. magna. Cadmium resistance was induced by pre-exposing daphnids to a sublethal concentration of a Cd/Zn mixture and thereafter cadmium tolerance was assessed in standard acute tests. The results showed that the ability to develop cadmium resistance is affected by temperature, but there is no consistent pattern for maternal nutrition. The age of the daphnids had no apparent effect on the development of cadmium resistance. Differences in the induction of cadmium resistance between clones were seen only under resource depression.     

The response of Lemna trisulca L. to cadmium

Lemna trisulca was grown, using aseptic culture techniques in a filter-sterilized medium, a portion of which was replaced regularly during experiments. L. trisulca responded to the addition of 0.64 microM Cd with a reduction in multiplication rate (MR) 2 +/- 1 days after exposure. The internal Cd content reached 1000 +/- 140 microg Cd/g (dry wt) within 2 days exposure to 0.64 microM Cd. The final yield was reduced by an average of c.8% for each day of exposure to 0.64 microM Cd in a 14 day experiment. This implies that an equilibration period should be used for short-term bioassay tests before the effect of a toxicant is determined. Pretreating L. trisulca with 0.08 or 0.32 microM Cd for 6 weeks had no significant effect on MR or Cd uptake when plants were subsequently exposed to a range of Cd concentrations or grown in a control medium. This suggests that L. trisulca does not become acclimated to elevated Cd concentrations. The MR of L. trisulca fluctuated over a period of almost 600 days and the doubling time ranged from 1.6 to 2.4 days. This produced more than a fivefold difference in final yield in experiments of 14 days duration. The reduction in MR in response to 0.32 microM Cd during this same 600 days period averaged 24% with a coefficient of variation of 38%, and varied with the MR of control cultures. Fluctuations in the intrinsic growth rate and the effect of a toxicant on L. trisulca could potentially confound the assessment of toxicity and must be carefully considered when designing test protocols for aquatic plants.     

The fate of endosulfan in aquatic ecosystems

Endosulfan, one of the major pesticides used in cotton-growing, is of environmental concern because of its toxicity to fish and its apparent persistence in the environment. This study examines the distribution and degradation pathways for endosulfan in an aquatic system and the processes by which it is removed. In the alkaline waters of the cotton region, hydrolysis is the dominant degradation process. By this mechanism alone, the expected half-lives for the alpha- and beta-endosulfan isomers were found to be 3.6 days and 1.7 days, respectively. Partitioning studies showed, however, that the major proportion of endosulfan would associate with the sediments (log Koc(alpha) 3.6 and log Koc(beta) 4.3). Field studies confirmed the presence of high concentrations in sediments. Microcosm experiments showed that loss of endosulfan was slower than predicted from hydrolysis rates. Models are presented to explain how desorption from sediment limits the loss of endosulfan from a system.     

The impact of constituent ions of acid mist on assimilation and stomatal conductance of Norway spruce prior and post mid-winter freezing

Norway spruce seedlings were sprayed twice weekly with one of a range of artificial mists at either pH 2.5, 3.0 or 5.6, for three months. The mists consisted of either (NH4)2SO4 (pH 5.6), NH4NO3 (pH 5.6), water (pH 5.6), HNO3 (pH 2.5), H2SO4 (pH 2.5). In late December 1988 and early January 1989 the light response of assimilation and stomatal conductance were assessed in the laboratory following a 4-day equilibration period at 12 degrees C. The intact trees were then subjected to a mild (-10 degrees C), brief (3 h) frost in the dark and the recovery of light saturated assimilation (Amax) was followed during the subsequent light period. The same trees were then subjected to a second 3 h (-18 degrees C) frost. The recovery of Amax during the next day was followed. All ion-containing mists stimulated Amax and apparent quantum yield relative to control trees, irrespective of pH. The mists containing SO4 made stomatal conductance unresponsive to light flux density and caused the stomata to lock open. Frosts of -10 degrees C and -18 degrees C did not inhibit the Amax of control trees for longer than 200 min into the light period. In contrast, the ion-containing mists exerted a significant inhibitory effect upon the recovery of Amax. Nitric acid inhibited Amax to 35% of the pre-frost value, whilst the remaining treatments inhibited Amax between 15% and 40% of the pre-frost value. It is concluded that SO4 causes increased mid-winter frost sensitivity and NO3 ameliortes this effect. The results are discussed in relation to forest decline.