滴水湖水系表层沉积物中多氯联苯残留与风险评价

于2012年,每2个月采集一次上海人工滩涂湖泊——滴水湖水系表层沉积物,对其多氯联苯(PCBs)的残留水平进行了检测和分析.结果表明,研究期间闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物中7种PCBs的总量各月间变化较大,且总体呈上升趋势,而滴水湖沉积物中其总量四季变化幅度不大;空间分布上,闸外引水河[(844.74±687.62)ng/g]>闸内引水河[(516.83±645.45)ng/g]>>滴水湖[(81.63±72.18)ng/g].研究区PCBs组成以六氯联苯和七氯联苯为主,其次为五氯联苯和三氯联苯.采用主成分分析法对PCBs进行源解析,结果显示:PCBs污染源中进口电容器中PCBs的迁移占43%,油漆添加剂污染占33%;国产电容器和变压器污染占11%.生态风险评估表明,闸外引水河和闸内引水河沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有严重威胁;滴水湖沉积物PCBs对生物体的暴露有一定的潜在威胁.与国内外研究相比,闸外引水河和闸内引水河属于严重污染水平,滴水湖属于中等污染水平,相关部门应加强污染监管.     

三峡库区万州塘角1号滑坡滑带特征研究

三峡库区顺坡向缓倾角滑坡灾害频发,万州塘角1号滑坡具有该种滑坡的典型特征。在对该滑坡详细调查研究、GPS观测及深部位移监测数据分析的基础上,通过钻探工程,探井开挖及大型现场剪切试验对该滑坡的滑带特征及力学性质进行了综合分析。研究结果表明:滑坡体表现为持续蠕滑,前缘比中部和后缘变形要大,其方向为NNW向,滑带埋深在10～21m,滑面呈波状起伏。探井揭露滑体中碎块石排布具有定向性和分段性特点,该滑坡存在多层次级滑动,认为在5.0～8.0m范围内存在一规模较大连续性较差的次级滑动带,受主滑带控制。滑坡各区的力学强度表现为不均一性,在滑坡前缘滑带土剪切强度比中部大,这主要是因为在中部地下水相比前缘要丰富,加上滑带土主要为粘土矿物,遇水膨胀软化致使强度降低。     

硝化菌群在不同条件下的增殖速率和硝化活性

研究了不同环境因子变化对硝化菌群的增殖能力及其对硝化作用活性的影响,确定了硝化菌群的最佳生长条件．研究发现,温度（θ／℃）、ｐＨ、供氧状况、无机碳源浓度等对于硝化细菌菌群的增殖能力及硝化作用活性具有较重要的影响,而含盐量高低几乎无影响．最适（θ、ｐＨ、［ρ（Ｏ２）］、［ρ（ＮａＨＣＯ３）］分别为３０℃、ｐＨ８．５、３．５ｍｇＬ－１、１ｇＬ－１,此时最大比生长速μｍ可达５．１８ｄ－１,最大比降解速υｍ可达４８．４３ｈ－１．在含氧量较低时,氨氮浓度的升高使硝化菌群的μ值下降,υ值上升．考察有机碳对该菌群的影响发现,ｍ（Ｃｏｒｇ）ｍ－１（Ｎ）在０～０．５之间时,菌群有较大的比生长速率,并且硝化作用活性增强     

Field verification of sound attenuation modeling and air emission testing in support of missile motor disposal activities

The U.S. Department of Defense-approved activities conducted at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR) include both operational readiness test firing of intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) motors, as well as the destruction of obsolete or otherwise unusable ICBM motors through open burn/open detonation (OB/OD). Within the Utah Division of Air Quality, these activities have been identified as having the potential to generate unacceptable noise levels, as well as significant amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Hill Air Force Base, UT, has completed a series of field tests at the UTTR in which sound-monitoring surveillance of OB/OD activities was conducted to validate the Sound Intensity Prediction System (SIPS) model. Using results generated by the SIPS model to support the decision to detonate, the UTTR successfully disposed of missile motors having an aggregate net explosive weight (NEW) of 81,374 lb without generating adverse noise levels within populated areas. In conjunction with collecting noise-monitoring data, air emissions were collected to support the development of air emission factors for both static missile motor firings and OB/OD activities. Through the installation of 15 ground-based air samplers, the generation of combustion-fixed gases, VOCs, and chlorides was monitored during the 81,374-lb NEW detonation event. Comparison of field measurements to predictions generated from the US Navy energetic combustion pollutant formation model, POLU4WN, indicated that, as the detonation fire ball expanded, organic compounds, as well as CO, continued to oxidize as the combustion gases mixed with ambient air. VOC analysis of air samplers confirmed the presence of chloromethane, vinyl chloride, benzene, toluene, and 2-methyl-1-propene. Qualitative chloride analysis indicated that gaseous HCl was generated at low concentrations, if at all.     

Organochlorine concentrations, reproductive physiology, and immune function in unique populations of freshwater Atlantic stingrays (Dasyatis sabina) from Florida's St. Johns River

Within the past decade, reproductive and health disorders have been reported to occur in unique populations of Atlantic stingrays (Dasyatis sabina) inhabiting certain components of Florida's St. Johns River. Since these irregularities are consistent with the alleged effects of organochlorine (OC) contaminant exposure in other Florida wildlife, the goal of this study was to examine possible associations between OC concentrations and reproduction and/or immune function in stingrays from this river system. Liver concentrations of 30 OC pesticides/pesticide metabolites and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured and compared in D. sabina collected from four central Florida lakes of the St. Johns River: Lake George, Lake Harney, Lake Jesup, and Lake Monroe. Reproductive biology, serum testosterone and 17beta-estradiol concentrations, and circulating white blood cell counts were examined and compared in stingrays from lakes that were determined to contain low (Lake George), intermediate (Lake Monroe), and high (Lake Jesup) levels of pesticide contamination, based on the results of liver OC assessments. Successful breeding occurred in Lake Jesup stingrays, indicating that the degree of OC accumulation in these animals is not high enough to cause reproductive impairment. However, elevated serum steroid concentrations and white blood cell counts were observed in Lake Jesup stingrays, suggesting that endocrine and immune function may be altered in these animals due to OC exposure and/or other, as yet unknown, ecological factors. Inconsistencies in the reproductive success of Lake Monroe stingrays were observed, confirming earlier reports of reproductive complications in this sub-population. Based on these findings, previous occurrences of reproductive failure in St. Johns River stingrays may be due to environmental factors other than OC exposure.     

Lead speciation in indoor dust: a case study to assess old paint contribution in a Canadian urban house

Residents in older homes may experience increased lead (Pb) exposures due to release of lead from interior paints manufactured in past decades, especially pre-1960s. The objective of the study was to determine the speciation of Pb in settled dust from an urban home built during WWII. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and micro-X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed on samples of paint (380–2,920 mg Pb kg⁻¹) and dust (200–1,000 mg Pb kg⁻¹) collected prior to renovation. All dust samples exhibited a Pb XANES signature similar to that of Pb found in paint. Bulk XANES and micro-XRD identified Pb species commonly found as white paint pigments (Pb oxide, Pb sulfate, and Pb carbonate) as well as rutile, a titanium-based pigment, in the <150 μm house dust samples. In the dust fraction <36 μm, half of the Pb was associated with the Fe-oxyhydroxides, suggesting additional contribution of outdoor sources to Pb in the finer dust. These results confirm that old paints still contribute to Pb in the settled dust for this 65-year-old home. The Pb speciation also provided a clearer understanding of the Pb bioaccessibility: Pb carbonate > Pb oxide > Pb sulfate. This study underscores the importance of taking precautions to minimize exposures to Pb in house dust, especially in homes where old paint is exposed due to renovations or deterioration of painted surfaces.     

泉州湾河口湿地不同植被恢复下沉积物磷形态和酶活性特征

基于定位观测,研究了泉州湾河口湿地秋茄（Kandelia obovate,KO）、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum,AC）、以及秋茄+桐花树（KA）混交等3种植被恢复下沉积物磷形态、酶活性以及环境因子变化特征,并与养蛏滩涂（恢复前,SC）进行了比较,以评估不同植被恢复模式对沉积物磷库及酶活性的影响.结果表明：(1)植被恢复19年后,3种恢复模式下沉积物全磷（TP）和无机磷（IP）含量相较恢复前均呈上升趋势,其中KA最高,SC最低;而沉积物有机磷（OP）含量在不同恢复模式间差异不显著;不同恢复模式下,IP均是沉积物磷的主要形态,占TP的60%～73%;其中,沉积物氢氧化钠提取磷（NaOH-P）和盐酸提取磷（HCl-P）在KA处理下明显高于恢复前（SC）.(2)与恢复前相比,不同恢复模式下沉积物碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性明显增加,总体表现为AC>KA>KO>SC,但过氧化氢酶在不同植被恢复模式下并无明显差异.(3)冗余分析结果显示,不同恢复模式下沉积物磷含量变化主要受酶活性（特别是碱性磷酸酶）及环境因子（pH、有机质、全氮等）的综合影响.泉州湾河口湿...     

土壤碳收支对秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其机制

秸秆直接还田与秸秆炭化还田是目前最主要的秸秆还田措施.由于秸秆与秸秆生物炭结构和性质的差异以及还田过程的差异,其还田后的土壤呼吸和土壤碳收支必然有显著差异.采用室外盆栽的方式,以地肤草为目标植物,系统研究了土壤呼吸与土壤碳收支对多种秸秆与秸秆生物炭还田的响应及其可能的机制.结果表明,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤呼吸[均值为21.69μmol·(m2·s)-1]显著低于秸秆直接还田[均值为65.32μmol·(m2·s)-1],土壤有机碳含量(均值为20.40 g·kg-1)和植物的固碳量(平均植物生物量138.56 g)均高于秸秆直接还田(均值为17.76 g·kg-1和76.76 g);考虑了生物炭制备过程的碳丢失后,秸秆生物炭还田的土壤碳收支仍显著高于秸秆直接还田,是一种较低碳的秸秆还田模式;秸秆直接还田显著促进土壤脱氢酶活性﹑土壤β-糖苷酶活性和土壤活性微生物量,因此导致较高的土壤呼吸,而生物炭还田土壤的微生物活性普遍较低;秸秆生物炭的易氧化态碳含量和可生物降解性均显著低于秸秆对照,表明秸秆生物炭稳定性较高,难以被土壤微生物降解利用,因此其还田后土壤微生物活性普遍较低,秸秆碳可在土壤中长期保存.