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141.
Chronic exposure of arsenic via drinking water and its adverse health impacts on humans 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman Jack C. Ng Ravi Naidu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):189-200
Worldwide chronic arsenic (As) toxicity has become a human health threat. Arsenic exposure to humans mainly occurs from the
ingestion of As contaminated water and food. This communication presents a review of current research conducted on the adverse
health effects on humans exposed to As-contaminated water. Chronic exposure of As via drinking water causes various types
of skin lesions such as melanosis, leucomelanosis, and keratosis. Other manifestations include neurological effects, obstetric
problems, high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, diseases of the respiratory system and of blood vessels including cardiovascular,
and cancers typically involving the skin, lung, and bladder. The skin seems to be quite susceptible to the effects of As.
Arsenic-induced skin lesions seem to be the most common and initial symptoms of arsenicosis. More systematic studies are needed
to determine the link between As exposure and its related cancer and noncancer end points. 相似文献
142.
Juhasz AL Smith E Weber J Naidu R Rees M Rofe A Kuchel T Sansom L 《Chemosphere》2008,71(11):2180-2186
Arsenic (As) bioavailability in spiked soils aged for up to 12 months was assessed using in vitro and in vivo methodologies. Ageing (natural attenuation) of spiked soils resulted in a decline in in vivo As bioavailability (swine assay) of over 75% in soil A (Red Ferrosol) but had no significant effect on in vivo As bioavailability even after 12 months of ageing in soil B (Brown Chromosol). Sequential fractionation, however, indicated that there was repartitioning of As within the soil fractions extracted during the time course investigated. In soil A, the As fraction associated with the more weakly bound soil fractions decreased while the residual fraction increased from 12% to 35%. In contrast, little repartitioning of As was observed in soil B indicating that natural attenuation may be only applicable for As in soils containing specific mineralogical properties. 相似文献
143.
Kauser Jahan Raúl Ordóñez Ravi Ramachandran Shira Balzer Michael Stern 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2008,8(3-4):395-404
Nonylphenol is the primary breakdown product of nonylphenol ethoxylates, a certain class of nonionic surfactants. Nonylphenol
has been found to be toxic to aquatic organisms and has been suspected of being harmful to humans due to its xenoestrogenic
properties. Although there are known releases of nonylphenol to the environment, there is a lack of data describing the extent
of biodegradation. This study thus focuses on much needed information on the biodegradation kinetics of nonylphenol. Oxygen
uptake, cell growth and nonylphenol removal data were collected using batch reactors in an electrolytic respirometer. Nonylphenol
removal, cell growth and substrate removal rates were modeled by the Monod, Haldane, Aiba, Webb, and Yano equations. The differential
equations were solved by numerical integration to simulate cell growth, substrate removal, and oxygen uptake as a function
of time. All models provided similar results with the Haldane model providing the best fit. The values of the kinetic parameters
and the activation energy for nonylphenol were determined. These values can be used for predicting fate and transport of nonylphenol
in the environment. The validity of applying each model to the biodegradation of nonylphenol was analyzed by computing the
R
2 values of each equation. 相似文献
144.
Juhasz AL Smith E Weber J Rees M Rofe A Kuchel T Sansom L Naidu R 《Chemosphere》2008,71(10):1963-1969
Considerable information is available in the literature regarding the uptake of arsenic (As) from contaminated soil and irrigation water by vegetables. However, few studies have investigated As speciation in these crops while a dearth of information is available on As bioavailability following their consumption. In this study, the concentration and speciation of As in chard, radish, lettuce and mung beans was determined following hydroponic growth of the vegetables using As-contaminated water. In addition, As bioavailability was assessed using an in vivo swine feeding assay. While As concentrations ranged from 3.0 to 84.2mg As kg(-1) (dry weight), only inorganic As (arsenite and arsenate) was detected in the edible portions of the vegetables. When As bioavailability was assessed through monitoring blood plasma As concentrations following swine consumption of As-contaminated vegetables, between 50% and 100% of the administered As dose was absorbed and entered systemic circulation. Arsenic bioavailability decreased in the order mung beans>radish>lettuce=chard. 相似文献
145.
Degradation of fenamiphos in soils collected from different geographical regions: the influence of soil properties and climatic conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cáceres T Megharaj M Naidu R 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(4):314-322
The persistence of fenamiphos (nematicide) in five soils collected from different geographical regions such as Australia, Ecuador and India under three temperature regimes (18, 25 and 37 degrees C) simulating typical environmental conditions was studied. The effect of soil properties (soil pH, temperature and microbial biomass) on the degradation of fenamiphos was determined. The rate of degradation increased with increase in temperature. Fenamiphos degradation was higher at 37 degrees C than at 25 and 18 degrees C (except under alkaline pH). The degradation pathway differed in different soils. Fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO) was identified as the major degradation product in all the soils. Fenamiphos sulfone (FSO2), and the corresponding phenols: fenamiphos phenol (FP), fenamiphos sulfoxide phenol (FSOP) and fenamiphos sulfone phenol (FSO2P) were also detected. The degradation of fenamiphos was faster in the alkaline soils, followed by neutral and acidic soils. Under sterile conditions, the dissipation of the pesticide was slower than in the non-sterile soils suggesting microbial role in the pesticide degradation. The generation of new knowledge on fenamiphos degradation patterns under different environmental conditions is important to achieve better pesticide risk management. 相似文献
146.
Field‐scale estimation of gas permeability and subsequent computation of pore‐gas velocity profiles are critical elements of sound soil venting design. It has been our experience, however, in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) technical assistance program, provided by the Office of Research and Development in support EPA regional offices, that many venting practitioners are unaware of equations and data interpretation methods appropriate for gas permeability estimation and pore‐gas velocity computation. To ameliorate this situation, we use data collected at a U.S. Coast Guard Station in Traverse City, Michigan, to demonstrate gets permeability estimation and pore‐gas velocity calculation for steady‐state, axisymmetric, two‐dimensional gas flow in a domain open to the atmosphere. For gas permeability estimation, we use random guesses constrained with decreasing intervals of radial and vertical permeabilityand analysis of root mean square errors to ensure attainment of a global versus local minimum. We demonstrate confidence in permeability estimation by providing plots of observed versus simulated pressure response. Finally, we illustrate how plots of pore‐gas velocity as a function of distance and flow rate can be helpful in venting design. 相似文献
147.
With costs of energy and materials increasing compared to other inputs in manufacturing, labour and capital can no longer be regarded as the only criteria for choice of appropriate technology. In the article below the authors offer a broader range of inputs and conclude that optimizing only labour and capital results in erroneous technology choices. 相似文献
148.
Kumar KS Rao SP Krishnaiah L Rao KS Naidu GR Chiranjeevi P 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2004,98(1-3):191-199
A new simple, rapid selective and highly sensitive chromogenic reagent dibromo-p-methyl-carboxyazo (DBMCA) was synthesized and studied in detail for the spectrophotometric detection of lead. In 0.25 M phosphoric acid medium, which greatly increases the selectivity, Lead reacts with DBMCA to form a 1:2 blue complex having a sensitivity absorption peak at 646 nm. Under optimal conditions, Beer's Law is obeyed over the range from 0.09 to 0.8 microg mL(-1) Pb (II) and the apparent molar absorptivity is 1.03 x 10(5) mL(-1) cm(-1). The detection limit and the variation coefficient were found to be 2.12 microg mL(-1) and 1.0% respectively. It is found that, except for Ca (II) and Ba (II) all foreign ions studied do not interfere with detection. The interference caused by Ca (II) and Ba (II) can be easily eliminated by prior extraction with potassiumiodide-methylisobutylketone. The proposed method has been applied successfully for to the detection of Lead in vegetable leaves with good results. 相似文献
149.
Nasreen Islam Khan David Bruce Ravi Naidu Gary Owens 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):221-238
Dietary intake of water and food has been identified as one of the major pathways for arsenic (As) exposure in the rural population
of Bangladesh. Therefore, realistic assessment and measurement of dietary intake patterns are important for the development
of an accurate estimate of As exposure and human health risk assessment. One important consideration is to identify an appropriate
tool for measuring dietary intake. In this study an interviewer-administered Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was implemented
to determine age and gender specific dietary intake. The developed FFQ was unique because it developed a synergy between field
dietary assessment and As concentration measurements in various environmental media. The resulting integrated database provided
an accurate framework for the process of As exposure and human health risk assessment. The preliminary results reported here
from the FFQ demonstrated that this technique could be used in rural areas as a tool to assess As exposure and the associated
human health risk. 相似文献
150.
Ajay Kumar Sabyasachi Rout R. K. Singhal P. M. Ravi R. M. Tripathi 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2016,20(4):289-297
Bio-diffusion mixing rates (Db) were estimated from depth profiles of excess 210Pb and 137Cs in three sediment cores collected from Mumbai Harbour Bay (MHB) using a steady state vertical advection - diffusion model. The mean of 210Pb and 137Cs derived Db values along the studied area were obtained to be about 23 and 36 cm2y?1 respectively. These derived values were within the range of literature values reported for other equivalent environment internationally. The relatively higher Db values for 137Cs profiles demonstrated that particles have diffused more intensely within the surface layer of sediments over 1 year. Conversely, low Db values for 210Pb indicate slow mixing rates in the sediment profile which might be resulted from low 210Pb flux and diffusion of 222Rn to the seafloor. The significant differences between 210Pb and 137Cs derived Db values among cores indicate that there appeared to be as regional differences in sediment properties and local variability in the intensity of seafloor mixing. Furthermore, Db values also depend on differences in characteristic time and depth scales of radionuclides in cores, benthic fauna abundances, organic carbon flux to the sediments and primary production in overlying surface waters. Comparison of 210Pb derived Db values with those calculated from 137Cs distributions reveals better agreement for core 2 than core 1 and 3. The agreement may be fortuitous because 137Cs appears significantly deeper than 210Pb in all cores. It was also observed that Db values increases as sediment accumulation rate increases for both radionuclide. 相似文献