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31.
Bekele Dawit N. Naidu Ravi Chadalavada Sreenivasulu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(2):887-902
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Human health risk assessment at hydrocarbon-contaminated sites requires a critical evaluation of the exposure pathways of volatile organic compounds... 相似文献
32.
Ravi Naidu Euan Smith S. M. Imamul Huq Gary Owens 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):61-68
The bioavailability of arsenic (As) in the soil environment is largely governed by its adsorption–desorption reactions with
soil constituents. We have investigated the sorption–desorption behaviour of As in four typical Bangladeshi soils subjected
to irrigation with As-contaminated groundwater. The total As content of soils (160 samples) from the Laksham district ranged
from <0.03 to approximately 43 mg kg−1. Despite the low total soil As content, the concentration of As in the pore water of soils freshly irrigated with As-contaminated
groundwater ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 mg l−1. However, when these soils were allowed to dry, the concentration of As released in the pore water decreased to undetectable
levels. Remoistening of soils to field moisture over a 10-day period resulted in a significant (up to 0.06 mg l−1) release of As in the pore water of soils containing >10 mg As kg−1 soil, indicating the potential availability of As. In soils containing <5 mg As kg−1, As was not detected in the pore water. A comparison of Bangladeshi soils with strongly weathered long-term As-contaminated
soils from Queensland, Australia showed a much greater release of As in water extracts from the Australian soils. However,
this was attributed to the much higher loading of As in these Australian soils. The correlation of pore water As with other
inorganic ions (P, S) showed a strongly significant (P < 0.001) relationship with P, although there was no significant relationship between As and other inorganic cations, such
as Fe and Mn. Batch sorption studies showed an appreciable capacity for both AsV and AsIII sorption, with AsV being retained in much greater concentrations than AsIII. 相似文献
33.
Arsenic (As) contamination of soil poses a potential threat to human health, particularly for small children, through the incidental ingestion of soil from hand-to-mouth activity. In this study, we examined the relationship between As bioaccessibility using the simplified bioaccessibility extraction test (SBET) and the soil fractions that contribute to bioaccessible As in 12 long-term contaminated soils. Sequential fractionation of soils prior to As bioaccessibility assessment found that As was primarily associated with the specifically sorbed (3-26%), amorphous and poorly crystalline (12-82%), and the well crystalline (3-25%) oxyhydroxide Fe/Al phases with proportions varying depending on the mode of As input. Arsenic bioaccessibility in these soils ranged from less than 1% in the gossan soil to 48% in railway corridor soils. Soil fractions contributing to As bioaccessibility were found to be from the non-specifically (<1-11%), the specifically (<1-29%) sorbed and the amorphous and poorly-crystalline (30-93%) oxyhydroxide Fe/Al fractions. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were found between the As bioaccessible fraction and the amorphous and poorly-crystalline oxyhydroxide Fe/Al fractions indicating that this fraction is a key factor influencing As bioaccessibility in many anthropogenically contaminated soils. 相似文献
34.
Cáceres TP Megharaj M Naidu R 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2008,43(7):605-610
Fenamiphos (0-ethyl-0(3-methyl-4-methylthiophenyl)-isopropylamido-phosphate) is a widely used nematicide and insecticide in bowling greens and agriculture, but information on its sorption including its metabolites is limited. Hence, the sorption of fenamiphos (nematicide) and its major degradation products fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO) and fenamiphos sulfone (FSO2) were determined in thirteen contrasting soils collected from Australia and Ecuador. The sorption coefficients (Kd) exhibited a wide range of variation from 2.48 to 14.94 L/Kg for fenamiphos; from 0 to 7.42 L/Kg for FSO and from 0 to 9.49 L/Kg for FSO2. The sorption affinity of the three compounds for all soils tested was as follows: fenamiphos > fenamiphos sulfone > fenamiphos sulfoxide. The results showed that the sorption of fenamiphos and its metabolites in some soils is very low, and in one case is nonexistant for the metabolites. This is of particular concern as due to its low sorption coefficient, the compound could easily migrate and contaminate water bodies. Fenamiphos and its oxidation products have been reported to be highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and therefore, the information generated in this study assumes great importance in the risk assessment of fenamiphos and its metabolites in the environment. 相似文献
35.
Ravi Bhargava Dr D. Ian Hammond Ronald J. Benzie E. Carlos G. Ventureyra Michael J. Higgins David J. Martin 《黑龙江环境通报》1992,12(8):653-659
Myelocystocele is a rare spinal cord disorder and has not been described prenatally. We report a case in which prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a posterior cervical mass which was initially thought to be a meningocele or an atypical cystic hygroma. Surgery performed at 1 day of age showed this to be a myelocystocele. Therefore, the differential diagnosis of an extracranial cystic mass in the posterior cervical region should be expanded to include myelocystoceles. 相似文献
36.
Open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for acquisition of fugitive emission flux data
Thoma ED Shores RC Thompson EL Harris DB Thorneloe SA Varma RM Hashmonay RA Modrak MT Natschke DF Gamble HA 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2005,55(5):658-668
Air pollutant emission from unconfined sources is an increasingly important environmental issue. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has developed a ground-based optical remote-sensing method that enables direct measurement of fugitive emission flux from large area sources. Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) has been the primary technique for acquisition of pollutant concentration data used in this emission measurement method. For a number of environmentally important compounds, such as ammonia and methane, open-path tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (OP-TDLAS) is shown to be a viable alternative to Fourier transform spectroscopy for pollutant concentration measurements. Near-IR diode laser spectroscopy systems offer significant operational and cost advantages over Fourier transform instruments enabling more efficient implementation of the measurement strategy. This article reviews the EPA's fugitive emission measurement method and describes its multipath tunable diode laser instrument. Validation testing of the system is discussed. OP-TDLAS versus OP-FTIR correlation testing results for ammonia (R2 = 0.980) and methane (R2 = 0.991) are reported. Two example applications of tunable diode laser-based fugitive emission measurements are presented. 相似文献
37.
Investigation of selective catalytic reduction impact on mercury speciation under simulated NOx emission control conditions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lee CW Srivastava RK Ghorishi SB Hastings TW Stevens FM 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2004,54(12):1560-1566
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) technology increasingly is being applied for controlling emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from coal-fired boilers. Some recent field and pilot studies suggest that the operation of SCR could affect the chemical form of mercury (Hg) in coal combustion flue gases. The speciation of Hg is an important factor influencing the control and environmental fate of Hg emissions from coal combustion. The vanadium and titanium oxides, used commonly in the vanadia-titania SCR catalyst for catalytic NOx reduction, promote the formation of oxidized mercury (Hg2+). The work reported in this paper focuses on the impact of SCR on elemental mercury (Hg0) oxidation. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate Hg0 oxidation in the presence of simulated coal combustion flue gases and under SCR reaction conditions. Flue gas mixtures with different concentrations of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) for simulating the combustion of bituminous coals and subbituminous coals were tested in these experiments. The effects of HCl and SO2 in the flue gases on Hg0 oxidation under SCR reaction conditions were studied. It was observed that HCl is the most critical flue gas component that causes conversion of Hg0 to Hg2+ under SCR reaction conditions. The importance of HCl for Hg0 oxidation found in the present study provides the scientific basis for the apparent coal-type dependence observed for Hg0 oxidation occurring across the SCR reactors in the field. 相似文献
38.
Toxicity studies considering both the bare and stabilized forms of zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) could be timely, given that ecological risks identified are minimized through modification or with substitution of approaches in the synthesis, development and environmental application of the nanoparticles before succeeding to volume production. This review is focused on the fate, transport and toxicological implications of the bare nZVI and surface modified particles used for environmental applications. 相似文献
39.
The influence of ionic strength, index cations and competing anions on arsenate (AsV) adsorption–desorption kinetics was studied in an Alfisol soil. A flow-through reactor system similar to that developed by
Carski and Sparks (Soil Sci Soc Am J 49:1114–1116, 1985) was constructed for the experiments. Arsenate adsorption kinetics
for all the treatments were initially fast with 58–91% of AsV adsorbed in the first 15 min. Beyond 15 min, AsV adsorption continued at a slower rate for the observation period of the experiments. Changes in the solution composition
had differing effects on the cumulative amount of AsV adsorbed by the soil. Ionic strength and different index cations had little effect on the amount of AsV adsorbed, while the presence of phosphate decreased the amount of AsV adsorbed from 169 to 89 and 177 to 115 g AsV μg−1 in 0.03 M sodium nitrate and 0.01 M calcium nitrate, respectively. Considerably less AsV was desorbed than was adsorbed, with only between 2 to 17% of the adsorbed AsV desorbed. The presence of phosphate increased the amount of AsV desorbed by 17%, but other changes in the solution ionic strength or index cation had little effect on the amount of AsV desorbed. 相似文献
40.
Wenxiang He Mallavarapu Megharaj Ravi Naidu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2009,31(Z1):133-141
The acute toxicity of arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) alone and in combination to a cladoceran, Daphnia carinata, was studied in both cladoceran culture medium and natural water collected from a local suburban stream. As(III) was found
to be more toxic than As(V) to Daphnia survival. The LC50 values for As(III), As(V), and As(III) + As(V) were 0.554, 1.499, and 0.692 mg l−1, respectively. Although various species of As, particularly As(III) and As(V) co-exist together in natural waters, the existing
guidelines for water quality are based on individual As species. The results of this investigation suggest that As(III) and
As(V) can interact either synergistically or additively resulting in an increase in the overall toxicity of the mixture compared
to individual As species. Also, indigenous microorganisms in natural water may play a significant role in the transformation
of As, thereby influencing the toxicity of As in receiving waters. This study clearly suggests that the joint action of As
species should be considered in the development of water quality guidelines. To our knowledge this is the first study on the
interactive effect of As(III) and As(V) to a cladoceran. Thus, this study suggests that these two species of As, when present
together above 0.1 mg l−1 concentration, are toxic to fresh water invertebrates; therefore, pollution with these compounds may adversely affect natural
ecosystems. 相似文献