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251.
Janina Catalao Dionisio Murta Juliet Rebecca Mary Willetts Wahyu Triwahyudi 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2018,20(1):343-359
Enterprises are playing increasing roles in facilitating access to sanitation products and services in Indonesia and other developing economies. This study investigated the factors affecting the sustainability of sanitation enterprises in rural Indonesia. Interviews with 33 organisations representing sanitation enterprises, associations of sanitation enterprises, national and international civil society organisations (CSOs), donor organisations and national and local government agencies were conducted to explore different stakeholder perceptions about enterprise roles. The research revealed factors specific to the sanitation entrepreneurs themselves, such as their skills, entrepreneurial traits, pro-social motivations and intrinsic motivations, as well as factors within their enabling environment. Insufficient customer demand, inadequate capacity building opportunities, lack of financing options for entrepreneurs and their customers, and limited government support were observed to undermine sanitation enterprise success. Industry associations were found to be a useful intermediary support mechanism, particularly in the absence of significant government support for enterprises. However, such associations could also stifle innovation, and their role needs to be carefully developed, including financially sustainable models for such associations. This study has implications for how governments and CSOs in Indonesia and elsewhere might best support the role of enterprises and entrepreneurship towards improved sanitation outcomes. 相似文献
252.
Samuel Sandoval‐Solis Rebecca L. Teasley Daene C. McKinney Gregory A. Thomas Carlos Patiño‐Gomez 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2013,49(3):639-653
This article describes the collaborative modeling process and the resulting water resources planning model developed to evaluate water management scenarios in the transboundary Rio Grande basin. The Rio Grande is a severely water stressed basin that faces numerous management challenges as it crosses numerous jurisdictional boundaries. A collaborative process was undertaken to identify and model water management scenarios to improve water supply for stakeholders, the environment, and international obligations of water delivery from Mexico to the United States. A transparent and open process of data collection, model building, and scenario development was completed by a project steering committee composed of university, nongovernmental, and governmental experts from both countries. The outcome of the process was a planning model described in this article, with data and operations that were agreed on by water planning officials in each country. Water management scenarios were created from stakeholder input and were modeled and evaluated for effectiveness with the planning model. 相似文献
253.
A typology of time‐scale mismatches and behavioral interventions to diagnose and solve conservation problems
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Robyn S. Wilson David J. Hardisty Rebecca S. Epanchin‐Niell Michael C. Runge Kathryn L. Cottingham Dean L. Urban Lynn A. Maguire Alan Hastings Peter J. Mumby Debra P.C. Peters 《Conservation biology》2016,30(1):42-49
Ecological systems often operate on time scales significantly longer or shorter than the time scales typical of human decision making, which causes substantial difficulty for conservation and management in socioecological systems. For example, invasive species may move faster than humans can diagnose problems and initiate solutions, and climate systems may exhibit long‐term inertia and short‐term fluctuations that obscure learning about the efficacy of management efforts in many ecological systems. We adopted a management‐decision framework that distinguishes decision makers within public institutions from individual actors within the social system, calls attention to the ways socioecological systems respond to decision makers’ actions, and notes institutional learning that accrues from observing these responses. We used this framework, along with insights from bedeviling conservation problems, to create a typology that identifies problematic time‐scale mismatches occurring between individual decision makers in public institutions and between individual actors in the social or ecological system. We also considered solutions that involve modifying human perception and behavior at the individual level as a means of resolving these problematic mismatches. The potential solutions are derived from the behavioral economics and psychology literature on temporal challenges in decision making, such as the human tendency to discount future outcomes at irrationally high rates. These solutions range from framing environmental decisions to enhance the salience of long‐term consequences, to using structured decision processes that make time scales of actions and consequences more explicit, to structural solutions aimed at altering the consequences of short‐sighted behavior to make it less appealing. Additional application of these tools and long‐term evaluation measures that assess not just behavioral changes but also associated changes in ecological systems are needed. 相似文献
254.
Environmental Management - Constructed stormwater wetlands (CSWs) are used to address contaminants in urban stormwater such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but their performance is variable.... 相似文献
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Problem
Although Graduated Driver Licensing Systems (GDLS) have helped reduce young driver crash rates, they remain significantly over-represented in crash statistics. To be effective GDLS rely heavily on support for the legislation by those directly involved; parents to enforce the restrictions and adolescents to comply. There is some evidence that practices regarding GDLS restrictions influence adolescent driving outcomes in the early stage of licensure. However there has been no examination undertaken on the influence of parent and adolescent attitudes toward GDLS on adolescents’ driving behavior and crash experiences as they move into their young adult years. The aim of this research was to examine these relationships.Method
This investigation was based on a longitudinal study of a birth cohort, and uses data collected when the cohort members were aged 15, 18, and 21 years. At age 15 both adolescent and their parent attitudes toward GDLS were measured. At age 18 adolescent GDLS attitudes were measured again. The association between these measures and self-reported risky driving behavior and crash involvement at age 21 were examined.Results
Negative attitudes toward the learner supervisor restriction for males, and negative attitudes toward a GDLS for females were strongly associated with risky driving and crash involvement as young adults.Impact on industry
Targeting interventions to improve adolescents and parents understanding of the reasons for graduated licensing and the specific restrictions may improve attitudes and views and thereby contribute to a reduction in risky driving behaviors and crash risk among young adults. 相似文献258.
259.
Julia Wynn Jennifer Hoskovec Rebecca D. Carter Meredith J. Ross Sriram C. Perni 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(10):1344-1354
Objective
Carrier screening with reflex to single-gene noninvasive prenatal testing (sgNIPT) is an alternative approach for identifying pregnancies at risk for inherited autosomal recessive conditions without the need for a sample from the reproductive partner. This study is the largest clinical validation of this approach in a general population setting.Methods
The clinical performance of carrier screening with reflex to sgNIPT for cystic fibrosis, spinal muscular atrophy, alpha thalassemias, and beta hemoglobinopathies was assessed by collecting pregnancy outcome data on patients who underwent this testing and comparing the neonatal outcome to the assay-predicted fetal risk.Results
Of 42,067 pregnant individuals who underwent screening, 7538 carriers (17.9%) had reflex sgNIPT, and neonatal or fetal outcomes were obtained for 528 cases, including 25 affected pregnancies. Outcomes demonstrated high concordance with sgNIPT, for example, all pregnancies with 9 in 10 personalized fetal risk results were affected (positive predictive value (PPV) of 100% for the sub-group) and the sgNIPT assay showed a sensitivity of 96.0% (95% CI: 79.65%–99.90%), specificity of 95.2% (95% CI: 92.98%–96.92%), average PPV of 50.0% (95% CI: 35.23%–64.77%), and negative predictive value (NPV) of 99.8% (95% CI: 98.84%–99.99%). The end-to-end performance of carrier screening with reflex to sgNIPT was calculated to have a sensitivity of 92.4% and specificity of 99.9%, which are unaffected by partner carrier screening or misattributed paternity unlike a traditional carrier screening workflow, which has a 35% sensitivity and a maximum of 25% PPV (1 in 4) in a real-life setting.Conclusion
This study builds upon earlier findings to confirm that carrier testing with reflex to sgNIPT is highly accurate for general population screening. Given this high accuracy and an NPV of 99.8%, this workflow should be considered as an option for most of the general pregnant population. When the biological partner sample is unavailable, this workflow should be recommended as the first-line approach. 相似文献260.
Anna Doffini Claudio Forcato Chiara Mangano Debora Lattuada Roberta Aversa Chiara Maranta Emilia D. Giovannone Genny Buson Chiara Bolognesi Rebecca Maiocchi Martina Dori Liyana Jamal Raidah B. Ahmad George S. H. Yeo Tai Wai Yeo Silvia Saragozza Rosamaria Silipigni Marta Serafini Andrea Biondi Sofia Perego Patrizia Vergani Enrico Ferrazzi Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli Thomas J. Musci Francesca Romana Grati 《黑龙江环境通报》2023,43(1):14-27