给水厂铁铝泥构建过滤柱去除富营养化河水中过量磷

为避免因FAS释放过量有机物和氮而产生的潜在不利影响,分析了以给水厂铁铝泥(FAS)构建过滤柱处理富营养化河水的特征与机制,研究了以厌氧热处理改性后的FAS作为辅助基质(2%)构建过滤柱。结果表明：在对其他性质无影响的情况下,FAS的添加显著提高了过滤柱对水体中磷的去除率,促使出水磷浓度在整个运行期间小于0.01 mg·L-1;被FAS吸附的磷主要以NaOH提取态、HCl可提取态和残渣态存在。高通量测序分析结果表明,FAS的添加促使过滤柱中富集了Rhodoplanes、Sulfuritalea、Nitrospira、Leucobacter、Geobacter、Dechloromonas等有助于生物地球化学循环和复合污染控制的菌群。FAS作为辅助基质构建过滤柱可有效控制富营养化河水中磷污染。     

两级自养反硝化实现垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮

针对目前生物工艺难以解决垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮的问题,探究了短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化(两级自养)工艺处理高氨氮、低C/N比垃圾渗滤液的脱氮效果。结果表明, 当进水垃圾渗滤液中氨氮平均浓度为2 560 mg·L⁻¹,COD值为4 000~5 000 mg·L⁻¹时,经过短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理后,总氮去除负荷可达1.19 kg·(m³·d)⁻¹、总氮去除率可达93.1%(出水TN=176.3 mg·L⁻¹)、COD去除率可达52.2%。但是,厌氧氨氧化反应器出水中${\rm{NO}}_x^{-} $-N浓度为154.5 mg·L⁻¹,仍未达到我国生活垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液处理排放标准(TN≤40 mg·L⁻¹)。在厌氧氨氧化反应器之后串联硫自养反硝化,整体工艺最终出水${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $-N、${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $-N、${\rm{NO}}_3^{-} $-N平均浓度分别为1.9、0.6、9.7 mg·L⁻¹,TN≤15 mg·L⁻¹,进水总氮去除率为99.5%。在短程硝化反硝化-厌氧氨氧化-硫自养反硝化两级自养深度脱氮反应系统中实现了垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮。     

Bringing together raptor collections in Europe for contaminant research and monitoring in relation to chemicals regulations

Raptors are good sentinels of environmental contamination and there is good capability for raptor biomonitoring in Europe. Raptor biomonitoring can benefit from natural history museums (NHMs), environmental specimen banks (ESBs) and other collections (e.g. specialist raptor specimen collections). Europe’s NHMs, ESBs and other collections hold large numbers of raptor specimens and samples, covering long periods of time. These collections are potentially a valuable resource for contaminant studies over time and space. There are strong needs to monitor contaminants in the environment to support EU and national chemical management. However, data on raptor specimens in NHMs, ESBs and other collections are dispersed, few are digitised, and they are thus not easy to access. Specimen coverage is patchy in terms of species, space and time. Contaminant research with raptors would be facilitated by creating a framework to link relevant collections, digitising all collections, developing a searchable meta-database covering all existing collections, making them more visible and accessible for contaminant research. This would also help identify gaps in coverage and stimulate specimen collection to fill gaps in support of prioritised contaminant monitoring. Collections can further support raptor biomonitoring by making samples available for analysis on request.     

用作固定SRB碳源的玉米芯的最佳改性条件

针对现阶段玉米芯作为SRB污泥颗粒内聚碳源所带来碳源释放不佳的问题,选用碱性H2O2对玉米芯进行改性,制备成SRB污泥颗粒处理AMD,经过单因素实验和正交实验分析,对玉米芯的最佳改性条件进行研究。结果表明,当玉米芯改性时间24 h,NaOH浓度为6%,H2O2浓度为1.5%,可制得最佳改性玉米芯。制备成SRB污泥颗粒处理AMD后,SO42-、Mn2+和Fe2+去除率分别为93%、78%和95%,较未改性提高了29%、3%和23%;COD释放量为215 mg·L-1,较未改性减少了545 mg·L-1;Fe2+剩余量为1.5 mg·L-1,较未改性减少了1.1 mg·L-1;溶液pH为7.8。同时经SEM和XRD分析,发现改性玉米芯颗粒较未改性玉米芯颗粒相比,内部结构变得的疏松多孔,且大分子物质被分解为小分子物质,可以更好被SRB所利用。说明了该改性法可以改善玉米芯的碳释性能,为微生物处理AMD的工程应用提供技术参考。     

沙柳活性炭纤维的制备与表征

以（NH4）2HPO4活化沙柳纤维制备活性炭纤维,L16（45）正交实验优化制备工艺条件,重点研究了活化温度对活性炭纤维结构的影响。同时应用扫描电镜（SEM）对其表面形貌进行表征,通过N2吸附-脱附测定其孔结构。结果表明,随着活化温度的升高,活性炭得率逐渐减小,碘吸附值先增大后减小,在浸渍比2.5：1、预氧化温度200℃、预氧化时间90 min、活化温度为800℃、活化时间60 min的条件下,可以制备出比表面积为1 304 m2·g-1、总孔容为1.004 cm3·g-1、得率为31.6%、碘吸附值为1 321 mg·g-1的纤维状活性炭。     

反胶束漆酶/纤维素酶体系中油酸酯化的优化

漆酶和纤维素酶在反胶束水核中心具有较强的催化活性。为了对反胶束酶体系中油酸酯化反应深入研究,采用生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂构建反胶束体系作为漆酶与纤维素酶酯化油酸的催化反应场所。通过实验研究了反胶束体系的不同条件对酯化产物含量的影响。对于反胶束漆酶体系,最佳酯化条件为：含水量W0 40%,鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度20 mmol·L-1,pH值4,温度40 ℃;对于反胶束纤维素酶体系,最佳酯化条件为：含水量20%,鼠李糖脂临界胶束浓度80 mmol·L-1,pH值4,温度30 ℃。综合考虑几个因素,漆酶比纤维素酶更适合应用于反胶束中油酸的酯化。研究同时采用荧光光谱法对漆酶和纤维素酶在反胶束体系中结构性能的变化进行研究,结果表明,当反胶束体系处于最佳酯化反应条件时,荧光强度最高。     

饮用水中典型致嗅物质吹扫捕集-气相色谱质谱检测方法及优化

采用吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）法对饮用水中致嗅物质2-甲基异茨醇（2-MIB）和土臭素（GSM）进行测定。通过调整吹扫温度、吹扫时间、吹扫时捕集阱的温度、六通阀温度和传输管线温度,分析吹扫捕集条件对吹扫捕集效率的影响,并确定最佳吹扫捕集条件。2-MIB和GSM的方法检出限（MDL）分别为0.729 ng·L-1和1.037 ng·L-1,方法定量限（MQL）分别为2.187 ng·L-1和3.112 ng·L-1,平均加标回收率分别在92%~108%和88%~104%范围内,相对标准偏差分别小于6.5%和9.0%.在20~300 ng·L-1的范围内,各异嗅化合物浓度与响应值的线性关系均良好,相关系数均大于0.999。该方法具有操作简便、检出限低,相关性良好、灵敏度高、重复性好等优点。     

光合产氢-膜曝气生物膜反应器耦合系统产氢与底物降解特性

为提高光合产氢反应器性能,构建了一种采用沼泽红假单胞菌CQK01接种的光生物产氢-膜曝气生物膜反应器（PBR-MABR）耦合系统。实验表明,在序批培养条件下,由于产氢过程中有机酸和氢离子不断积累,使得PBR系统的产氢速率远低于PBR-MABR系统,其产氢速率为0.49 mmol·（L·h）-1;而PBR-MABR、PBR-2MABRs和PBR-3MABRs的产氢速率则分别可达到0.61、0.76和0.85 mmol·（L·h）-1。这主要是由于有机酸被MABR中的透气膜上生长的生物膜不断降解所致。有机酸的降解不仅提高了耦合系统内pH值并在一定程度上缓解了体系中的产物抑制。     

Effect of pH on phosphine production and the fate of phosphorus during anaerobic process with granular sludge

The effect of pH on phosphine formation during anaerobic cultivation of granular sludge was investigated. The sludge was taken from full-scale anaerobic reactors treating brewery wastewater. Acetate and phosphate were used as the carbon source and phosphorus source respectively. After 10 days cultivation in the dark, results showed that acidic conditions were more favorable for free phosphine production. At pH 5, the optimum concentration 86.42 ng PH3 m-3 of free phosphine was obtained. The level at pH 7 was reduced to 18.53 ng PH3 m-3, about 1/5 of the maximum. The maximum concentration of matrix-bound phosphine of 3.30 ng PH3 kg-1 wet sludge was achieved at pH 6. More than 83% of the total phosphine was matrix-bound phosphine, which accounted for 0.003-0.009 per thousand of the phosphate removal, while free phosphine comprised 0.00002-0.001 per thousand of the phosphate removal. Most of the phosphorus removal from solution was turned into chemical precipitation or was adsorbed by sludge. The mechanism of the phosphate reduction-step in the formation of phosphine production is still unknown. The promotion of phosphine formation by low pH is compatible with an acidic bio-corrosion mechanism of metal particles in the sludge or of metal phosphides which form phosphine at low pH.     

模糊综合评价在天然水体水质评价中的应用研究

采用模糊数学方法,对河网地区面源污染影响较大的代表性河流的水质状况进行综合评价研究。根据监测断面水质污染特点,确定了8个指标作为评价因子,建立了评价因素矩阵,计算出影响因子的权重。在此基础上,提出了模糊综合评价的水质级别,证明该河网地区的污染物主要是氮、磷和有机物。