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81.
The Environmental Impact of Shrimp Aquaculture: Causes, Effects, and Mitigating Alternatives 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
FEDERICO PÁEZ-OSUNA 《Environmental management》2001,28(1):131-140
Attracted by the demand for shrimp in the developed countries, shrimp aquaculture has expanded rapidly, mainly in the subtropical
and tropical lowlands of America and Asia. This work provides a global review and viewpoint on the environmental impacts of
shrimp aquaculture, considering the causes and effects of the siting and operation of shrimp ponds and abandonment of farm
facilities. Additionally, mitigating alternatives are discussed. To date, approximately 1–1.5 million ha of coastal lowlands
have been converted into shrimp ponds, comprising mainly salt flats, mangrove areas, marshes, and agricultural lands. The
impact of shrimp farming of most concern is the destruction of mangroves and salt marshes for pond construction. Compatibility
with other users, the presence of buffer zones, maintaining an acceptable balance between mangroves and shrimp pond area,
improved pond design, reduction of water exchange, and an improved residence time of water, size and capacity to assimilate
effluents of the water body, are examples of ways to mitigate the adverse effects. The use of mangroves and halophytes as
biofilters of shrimp pond effluents offers an attractive tool for reducing the impact in those regions where mangrove wetlands
and appropriate conditions for halophyte plantations exist. Healthy seed supply, good feed with the use of prophylactic agents
(including probiotics), good water quality, and lower stocking densities are examples of actions suggested to control disease
in shrimp farming. Finally, in the context of integrated management, research priorities are suggested. 相似文献
82.
R. T. Abdala-Díaz A. Cabello-Pasini E. Pérez-Rodríguez R. M. Conde Álvarez F. L. Figueroa 《Marine Biology》2006,148(3):459-465
Effects of solar radiation on phenolic compound concentrations and photosynthetic activity, estimated as in vivo chlorophyll
fluorescence, in the brown alga Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss were analyzed in southern Spain from June 1988 to July 2000. Annual and diurnal variations of optimum
quantum yield were negatively correlated with incident irradiance. Optimum quantum yield decreased as irradiance increased
at noon, and yield values recovered in the afternoon suggesting a dynamic photoinhibition. The annual and daily fluctuations
of phenolic compound concentration in the tissue of C. tamariscifolia showed contrasting patterns. There was an annual cycle of phenolic compound concentration in the apical thallus, which was
positively correlated with incident irradiance. The increase in phenolic compounds, however, was twofold greater in the first
half of the year than the decrease during the second half of the year. In contrast to the annual cycle, there appeared to
be a negative correlation between phenolic compound concentration and irradiance in the summer months while no specific relationship
was observed in the fall–winter months. Loss of phenolic compounds from the tissue to the surrounding water was increased
as irradiation dosage increased. This suggests that the decrease of phenolic compounds during the diurnal cycle might be regulated
by the exudation of these compounds at high irradiances in the field. Collectively, our results suggest that, like dynamic
photoinhibition, the rapid synthesis and turnover time of phenolic compounds in the tissue of C. tamariscifolia might serve as photoprotective mechanisms against high irradiances. 相似文献
83.
84.
The European Union's Structural Funds are implemented by means of Regional Development Plans (RDP), whose regionally scoped environmental assessment is required. We highlight the deficiencies faced by this approach when subregional areas with high conservation natural values are involved and illustrate it with the case of the RDP of Andalusia region on Doñana National Park area (Spain). Commissioned by the World Wildlife Fund, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the Andalusian RDP was carried out focusing on Doñana and its area of influence. This is a complex space where some of the most environmentally valuable features in the continent coexist with a surrounding intense and multi-sector economic activity, threatening its conservation. In the absence of an established sustainability framework in the Region, a “trickle-down” SEA approach evidenced the need to produce a set of environmental, economic and social guidelines for sustainable management of land, against which the RDP objectives were tested for coherence. An “incremental” SEA approach was also tested, which involved the identification of 79 measures and actions stemming from the RDP provisions and other concurrent planning documents reviewed and the qualitative assessment of their individual and cumulative potential impacts on Doñana environments. In the light of the results, a set of complementary mitigating measures was proposed for inclusion in tiered stages of the planning process. Measures to avoid, reduce, remedy and monitor the major types of impact were proposed, including provisions for public participation. SEA emerges as an instrument for non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to carry out independent assessment of public development initiatives. 相似文献
85.
E. PIQUÉ R. MATEO D. FERNÁNDEZ-FERNÁNDEZ R. GUITART 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(5):671-679
Liver samples of 42 birds belonging to 6 species of Ciconiiformes (grey heron (n = 17), little egret (n = 12), cattle egret (n = 1), glossy ibis (n = 1), little bittern (n = 1), and white stork (n = 10)), collected from two different zones of Spain (Ebro Delta and Madrid) in 1992–1997, were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs. ΣPCBs (sum of concentrations of individual congeners), p,p′-DDE, HCB, γ-HCH, and heptachlor epoxide were the most prevalent residues detected in all samples (occurrence > 95%). There were no statistically significant differences in organochlorine levels between grey herons and little egrets, while levels of ΣPCBs, p,p′-DDE, HCB, γ-HCH, and heptachlor were significantly lower for white storks. These results could be explained by the different habitat of these species, aquatic in the Ebro Delta (grey herons, little egrets) and dry in Madrid (white stork), and their diverse feeding habits. 相似文献
86.
87.
Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar Alicia Reyes-Arellano José Antonio Morales-González Isela Álvarez-González Manuel Sánchez-Gutiérrez 《毒物与环境化学》2019,101(7-8):369-388
AbstractGlucomannan is a highly branched polysaccharide with glycosidic linkages, constituted of mannoses and glucoses. In recent years, its usefulness due to its immunological, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity has been recognized. The aim of the study was to determine the antigenotoxic ability of glucomannan extracted from Candida utilis orally administered (100–700?mg/kg) to mice, which subsequently received 1?mg/kg aflatoxin B1. Hepatocytes obtained from these animals 4–16?h post administration were examined by means of the comet assay. The antigenotoxic effect was found to be higher than that observed in previous studies with α-mannan and β-D-glucan isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae., In order to explore the possibility of formation of a supramolecular complex between glucomannan and aflatoxin B1, both compounds were co-crystallized, their melting points determined, and the complex analyzed through ultraviolet spectroscopy. The spectroscopy data suggest that the protective effect of glucomannan is related to the formation of a supramolecular complex between the two compounds. 相似文献
88.
Heavy metal concentrations in particle size fractions from street dust of Murcia (Spain) as the basis for risk assessment 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Acosta JA Faz Á Kalbitz K Jansen B Martínez-Martínez S 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(11):3087-3096
Street dust has been sampled from six different types of land use of the city of Murcia (Spain). The samples were fractionated into eleven particle size fractions (<2, 2-10, 10-20, 20-50, 50-75, 75-106, 106-150, 150-180, 180-425, 425-850 μm and 850-2000 μm) and analyzed for Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd. The concentrations of these four potentially toxic metals were assessed, as well as the effect of particle size on their distribution. A severe enrichment of all metals was observed for all land-uses (industrial, suburban, urban and highways), with the concentration of all metals affected by the type of land-use. Coarse and fine particles in all cases showed concentrations of metals higher than those found in undisturbed areas. However, the results indicated a preferential partitioning of metals in fine particle size fractions in all cases, following a logarithmic distribution. The accumulation in the fine fractions was higher when the metals had an anthropogenic origin. The strong overrepresentation of metals in particles <10 μm indicates that if the finest fractions are removed by a vacuum-assisted dry sweeper or a regenerative-air sweeper the risk of metal dispersion and its consequent risk for humans will be highly reduced. Therefore, we recommend that risk assessment programs include monitoring of metal concentrations in dust where each land-use is separately evaluated. The finest particle fractions should be examined explicitly in order to apply the most efficient measures for reducing the risk of inhalation and ingestion of dust for humans and risk for the environment. 相似文献
89.
Simulation of the influence of industrial wastewater on a municipal sewage treatment plant—a case study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ákos Rédey Viola Somogyi József Ányos Endre Domokos Péter Thury Tatiana Yuzhakova 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,18(2):192-198
Purpose
Industrial wastewater flow caused operational difficulties in the wastewater treatment plant in Debrecen, Hungary. Bioaugmentation was successfully applied to maintain effluent quality in the periods when wastewater of high starch content was accepted, but, at the end of 2008, the nitrification capacity of the plant decreased considerably due to improperly pre-treated pharmaceutical wastewater. 相似文献90.
Natalia Seco-Reigosa Susana Peña-Rodríguez Juan Carlos Nóvoa-Muñoz Manuel Arias-Estévez María J. Fernández-Sanjurjo Esperanza Álvarez-Rodríguez Avelino Núñez-Delgado 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2670-2678
Different batches of valued mussel shell and waste mussel shell ash are characterised. Shell ash has pH?>?12 and high electrical conductivities (between 16.01 and 27.27 dS?m?1), while calcined shell shows pH values up to 10.7 and electrical conductivities between 1.19 and 3.55 dS?m?1. X-ray fluorescence, nitric acid digestion and water extractions show higher concentrations in shell ash for most parameters. Calcite is the dominant crystalline compound in this ash (95.6 %), followed by aragonite. Adsorption/desorption trials were performed for mussel shell ash and for a waste mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash, showing the following percentage adsorptions: Hg(II) >94 %, As(V) >96 % and Cr(VI) between 11 and 30 % for shell ash; Hg(II) >98 %, As(V) >88 % and Cr(VI) between 30 and 88 % for the waste mixture. Hg and As desorption was <5 % for both shell ash and the waste mixture, while Cr desorption was between 92 and 45 % for shell ash, and between 19 and 0 % for the mixture. In view of that, mussel shell ash and the mixture including shell ash, sewage sludge and wood ash could be useful for Hg(II) and As(V) removal. 相似文献