硅铝比对Cu/SSZ-13SCR活性位的影响

采用固态离子交换法制备了不同硅铝比（Si/Al=5,10,25）的Cu/SSZ-13分子筛催化剂,探究硅铝比对其NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR）活性位的影响规律,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）,H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）,NO_x程序升温脱附（NO_x-TPD）,NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）,原位红外实验（in situ DRIFTS）等手段进行物化性质表征.活性测试结果表明,当Cu负载量为4wt%时,不同硅铝比的Cu/SSZ-13具有显著差异的SCR活性;其中,Cu/SSZ-13（10）的SCR活性最佳,200~450℃温度范围内NO转化率均大于80%.XRD和H₂-TPR结果表明,硅铝比会影响Cu/SSZ-13的Cu物种的分布和氧化还原性.NO_x-TPD和NH₃-TPD结果表明,3种催化剂中Cu/SSZ-13（10）具有最多Cu²⁺离子,Cu²⁺离子可以为Cu/SSZ-13（10）提供更多的NO_x吸附位点和Lewis酸性位点,而Lewis酸性位是Cu/SSZ-13主要的低温SCR活性位点,因此有利于NH_3-SCR反应的进行.当硅铝比增加到25时,Cu/SSZ-13（25）的Lewis酸性位大量损失,导致其SCR活性明显下降.     

活性炭纤维阴极增强电-KMnO4去除水中双氯芬酸

为考察单独活性炭纤维（ACF）,高锰酸钾（PM）,电化学（E）,电-高锰酸钾（E-PM）,活性炭纤维-高锰酸钾（ACF-PM）以及电-活性炭纤维阴极-高锰酸钾体系（E-ACF-PM）对水中双氯芬酸的降解效果,研究了电流强度,溶液初始pH值对E-ACF-PM体系去除水中双氯芬酸的影响,通过ACF表面形态分析,自由基捕获实验,络合反应等探索了E-ACF-PM体系的反应机理.结果表明,在E-ACF-PM体系中电化学（E-ACF）和PM之间有明显的协同作用,双氯芬酸被快速去除.随着电流强度增加（50~200mA）,双氯芬酸去除率增大;pH值增大,体系对双氯芬酸的去除效果越差,pH值为11时去除率仅为31.70%.与ACF-PM体系相比,E-ACF-PM体系阴极电场可以保护ACF不被破坏,同时吸附在ACF上的Mn （VII）得到电子,快速转化成活性氧化剂Mn （III）,实现对目标污染物的快速去除.     

Performance, microbial community and inhibition kinetics of long-term Cu2+ stress on an air-lift nitritation reactor with self-recirculation

Biological nitrogen removal process could be affected due to the presence of heavy metals owing to their toxicity and accumulation in the sludge.In this study,the impact of Cu~(2+)shock on a long-term nitritation operation was investigated in an air-lift reactor with selfrecirculation.Both the dynamics of microbial community and inhibition kinetics under Cu~(2+) stress were ascertained.The results showed that Cu~(2+) exerted severe inhibition on nitritation performance of an air-lift reactor(ALR) at 25 mg/L.The corresponding NH_4~+-N removal efficiency decreased to below 50%,which was mainly due to the variation of microbial community structure,especially the inhibition of nitrifiers like Nitrosomonas(the relative abundance decreased from 30% to 1% after Cu~(2+)inhibition).Kinetic parameters were obtained and compared after fitting the Haldane model.The long-term Cu~(2+) stress on the ALR aggravated the ammonium affinity and the resistance to substrate self-inhibition of the nitritation sludge,but reduced the resistance to Cu~(2+) inhibition.Furthermore,Cu~(2+)acted as uncompetitive inhibitor on nitritation process.Our results provide new insights into the nitritation characteristics under long-term Cu~(2+) stress.     

羟胺对厌氧氨氧化污泥群落的影响

目前,由于厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)过程具有高效率、低能耗和污泥量少的优点,在污水除氮方面具有广阔的应用前景.羟胺既是厌氧氨氧化代谢的中间产物,同时也是一种抑制剂,但是目前关于厌氧氨氧化细菌颗粒如何应对羟胺的压力还没有很好的解释.通过羟胺批次添加实验,发现在投加不同浓度的羟胺情况下(40～80mg·L~(-1)),厌氧氨氧化的反应活性受到了抑制作用,但是无法判断厌氧氨氧化细菌对羟胺的耐受阈值.然后基于实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)技术检测了不同反应器内肼氧化酶(HZO)的mRNA的表达量,发现HZO酶的表达量随着羟胺浓度的增加出现先升高后降低的趋势,由此本研究推测相对于3.12g·L~(-1)的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,其承受的羟胺浓度(以N计)阈值介于60～70mg·L~(-1).同时利用16S rRNA高通量测序的方法对反应器内的颗粒污泥微生物结构与功能进行分析,发现投加适量的羟胺(50mg·L~(-1))有助于增强颗粒污泥中细菌的细胞运动性,促进厌氧氨氧化细菌的组成,提供一个更佳的生态平衡.     

核电厂大型自然通风冷却塔对气载流出物扩散的影响

为深入研究大型自然通风冷却塔及其湿热羽对内陆核电厂气载流出物扩散影响,应用计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+提供的k-ε湍流模型模拟了单一冷却塔的运行和停机对不同位置、不同释放高度污染物扩散的影响,结果表明：当释放高度为10m,释放点位于停机冷却塔迎风侧时,释放点下风向的地面轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低1/3~1/2.当释放高度为75m,冷却塔运行时,若释放点位于冷却塔迎风侧时,轴线弥散因子相比于没有冷却塔时普遍增大1~2倍;若释放点位于冷却塔背风侧,则相比于没有冷却塔时普遍降低约1/2.当冷却塔停机时,无论75m高度释放点位于迎风侧还是背风侧,其轴线弥散因子均高于没有冷却塔时.当迎风侧释放高度达到150m时,在释放点下风向约800m的范围内,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子显著增大,但到了800m范围以外,冷却塔湿热羽使得轴线弥散因子减小.     

三峡库区水环境风险评估与预警平台总体设计与应用

为保障三峡库区水环境安全,提高环保部门的环境预警和应急科学处置能力,根据“平战结合”的平台建设思路,提出了基于面向服务(SOA)可扩展的架构、Webservice数据服务调用模式和模块化功能的平台构建技术,集成了地方环保业务系统的成果,设计和实施了一个体系、一张网、一张图、一张表、一个流程的“五个一”平台工程,研发了集污染源风险识别、环境预警监控、模拟预测、应急评估处置和信息发布5项功能为一体的三峡水环境风险评估与预警平台,并在重庆市环保部门实现了业务化运行应用. 平台研究成果可支撑应急管理和日常管理,并在一系列突发性事件中得到业务应用验证和应用,环境应急响应时间从1~2 h缩短至10~20 min,应急处置时间从原来的1~2 d缩短至1~2 h,显著提高了三峡库区水环境风险评估、预警和防范能力.      

长春市净月大学城区PM2．5及PM10空间分布特征初步研究

为掌握长春市主城区净月大学城区PM2．5和PM10质量浓度的空间分布特征,选择了8处室外环境空间,使用YT－HPC3000 C型主动采样激光粉尘仪,对各样点进行了质量浓度监测。结果表明,与区域内室外8处样点的PM10质量浓度,以轻轨站处为最高,其他7处样点均好于二级标准;室内4处样点的PM2．5和PM10的质量浓度,食堂均未达标,其他3处样点均达标。在室内各样点,PM2．5与PM10的浓度空间分布呈现随高度升高而降低的趋势;在室外各样点,PM2．5与PM10的浓度分布与其所处垂向位置无明显相关关系。     

Valuing high-seas ecosystem conservation

The high seas provide a variety of ecosystem services that benefit society. There have, however, been few attempts to quantify the human welfare impacts of changes to the delivery of these benefits. We assessed the values of several key ecosystem service benefits derived from protecting ecosystems in the high seas of the Flemish Cap through choice experiments conducted in Canada, Norway, and Scotland. Rather than solely eliciting public willingness to pay, we also explored the determinants of variance in the estimates of willingness to pay. We aimed to determine how much respondents were willing to pay for high-seas ecosystems conservation, which factors influence individuals’ willingness to pay, and whether individuals in Canada had a higher willingness to pay relative to those living in Norway and Scotland. This latter point captures distance-decay effects. On average, the public placed positive value on conserving high-seas ecosystems and on developing economic activities related to the exploitation and exploration of marine resources, despite a lack of awareness and familiarity with these environments. Distance-decay effects on willingness to pay were not clear. Scots had the highest willingness to pay and the Norwegians the lowest willingness to pay for all attributes, with the only exception being willingness to pay for a large increase in new jobs, in which case Canadians’ willingness to pay was higher than Scots’. The public's willingness to pay was influenced by sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of high-seas ecosystems. Our results provide evidence of the impacts of high-seas governance on human welfare and that improved governance could increase the value people place on high-seas ecosystems and the services they produce.     

泰乐菌素的微生物降解途径及其降解产物研究

研究了越南伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia vietnamiensis)对泰乐菌素的降解能力,并通过对降解产物的分析,推测了泰乐菌素的微生物降解途径.在自主筛选驯化分离到1株泰乐菌素高效降解菌B.vietnamiensis的基础上,采用高效液相色谱法测定其在不同条件下降解泰乐菌素的能力,并利用制备液相色谱分离纯化降解产物,质谱鉴定其结构.实验结果表明:B.vietnamiensis能高度耐受并快速降解泰乐菌素,用B.vietnamiensis处理初始浓度为50、100、200、300、400或500 mg·L-1的泰乐菌素培养基7 d,泰乐菌素的降解率均达到99%以上.B.vietnamiensis降解泰乐菌素的可能途径是:泰乐菌素A首先脱去碳霉糖转化为泰乐菌素B,然后分子中内酯键和醛基再经水解和还原生成2个新的降解产物.研究结果为泰乐菌素微生物降解机制的研究以及在此基础上降解酶的确定提供有价值的技术参考.     

Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Muscle with Relation to the Growth of Two Marine Fish Species

Heavy metal concentrations in muscle and their relation to thegrowth of two marine fish species,including tonguefish( Cynoglossus arel) and mullet( Mugil cephalus),were studied. The samples were collected in Bach Dang estuary andconcentrations of heavy metals( As,Cd,Co,Mn,Cu,Zn,Pb,and V) in muscle of the fisheswere determined. The result showed that the accumulated trend of heavy metal is different between fish species. The concentration of As,Zn,Mn,V,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in tonguefish were 73. 7 ± 30. 6,22. 82 ± 4.87,3. 44 ± 2. 13,1. 61 ± 0. 15,0. 71 ± 0. 13,0. 45 ± 0. 24,0. 03 ± 0. 02 and 0. 02 ± 0. 02 mg·g-1,respectively. Meanwhile the concentration of Zn,As,V,Mn,Cu,Pb,Co and Cd in mullet were 83. 41 ±19. 68,9. 78 ± 1. 92,1. 36 ± 0. 54,1. 29 ± 0. 51,0. 65 ± 0. 12,0. 42 ± 0. 20,0. 06 ± 0. 03 and0. 03 ± 0. 01mg·g-1,respectively. Comparison of metal levels among thesespecies indicated that the concentrations of As and Mn in tonguefish were significantly higher than those in mullet,whereas Zn levels in mullet were found to be higher than that in tonguefish. There is no significant differences of Cd,Co,Cu,Pb and V levels in muscle between two species. Significant inversed relationshipsbetween concentration levels of metals and lengths of tonguefish were found for Mn,Cu and Zn,butnot for As,Cd,Pb,and V. There were no significant relationships between the heavy metal concentrations and the length of mullet. In general,decreasesof the heavy metal concentrations corresponded to the increases of fish body lengths,particularly for As,Co,Cu,Mn and V and the exception for Cd. Terefore reduced risks were associated with consuming biggermullet fish,and increased risks of As and Cd were associated with consuming bigger tonguefish in Bach Dang river mouth.