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81.
A polarographic method was optimised for the quantitative determination of metallothionein (MT) in whole body Gammarus locusta (Crustacea: Amphipoda). The identity of the MT-like proteins was examined using electrophoretic analysis (SDS-PAGE) and induction studies (water-borne exposures to copper). The MT-method was then used to examine changes in MT levels over the lifetime (juveniles, sub-adults and adults) of a laboratory population of G. locusta; copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) body burden were also measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. MT was quantified by heat-denaturation of 30?000?g supernatants (to remove the bulk of non-MT proteins) followed by differential pulse polarography (DPP) to measure sulphydryl-group containing proteins. DPP proved to be a sensitive and reliable method to quantify heat-stable total sulphydryl-proteins. The majority of the latter was indicated to be MT from SDS-PAGE and induction studies. SDS-PAGE revealed a putative MT of 23?±?0.6?kDa app. mol. wt., consistent with the average size of dimeric MTs (10–20?kDa) found in several aquatic invertebrate species. Copper-exposure revealed parallel increases in the amounts of 23?kDa protein and total sulphydryl-proteins. Levels of whole body MT (rabbit pure MT as standard) range between 1.3 and 2.3?mg?g?1 dry wt. over the lifetime of G. locusta. Sex-related changes in MT status were observed, the levels in females being 1.6 times higher than in males (p<0.05). Copper and Zn body content changed over the lifetime of G. locusta, the levels in juveniles (p>0.05) and sub-adults (p<0.05) being higher than in adults. It is concluded that the inclusion of MT in ecotoxicological studies with amphipod crustaceans require some caution with respect to the stages of moulting and/or sexual maturation of organisms, but this should not provide any major impediment in its use in metal pollution monitoring. 相似文献
82.
Reis AP Patinha C Ferreira da Silva E Sousa AJ 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2012,34(2):229-241
The Marrancos gold mineralisation has a chemical assemblage of Fe–As–Se–Bi–Au–Ag–Te–(Cu–Pb–Zn–Sn–W). The −200 mesh of 144
topsoil samples was analysed by ICP–MS to determine total contents of 53 elements that include potentially harmful elements
like Cd, As and Pb. The soil geochemistry shows that some trace elements occur in considerably high concentrations. On the
basis of data for total metal concentrations, 10 topsoil samples were selected to carry out a metal fractionation study using
a selective extraction method. A set of four leaches of increasing strength was used sequentially in the soil samples. Across
the study area, there is some evidence of past mining and exploration activity, indicating that these soils may be locally
disturbed. The shallow mineralised quartz veins were exploited for gold by the Romans. Several galleries were constructed
during the 2nd World War, probably for the exploration of quartz–cassiterite–wolframite veins. However, the main mineralised
body in depth was never explored. The results of metal fractionation show different partitions for the three elements. Total
Cd concentrations in these soils are low, with a median value of 0.1 mg/kg. In average, 12% of total Cd is adsorbed by clays
and/or co-precipitated with carbonates, and 19% is bounded to Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides. However, the low concentrations indicate
that the metal does not represent an immediate risk to human health. For Pb, metal fractionation shows that, on average, 22%
of Pb is adsorbed by amorphous Fe and Mn oxides, but the samples from the northern part of the area have the major fractions
of Pb in soluble forms. The low probability of exposure in this part of the study area decreases the risk posed by this heavy
metal. Total As concentrations in the Marrancos soils are extremely high. A large area has As concentrations above 1,000 mg/kg.
For As, metal fractions in the sulphide phase vary between 84 and 98% in the studied samples. But one sample has 20% of total
As in easily reducible forms, corresponding to a partial concentration of 1,800 mg/kg that has a high probability of being
bioavailable. The most labile As forms occur at the southern part of the area, where the probability of exposure is higher
and the risk of human health increases in the same order. From the three studied potentially harmful elements, As is certainly
the element of concern. 相似文献
83.
The most recent intervention on the coastline of Espinho, located on the Portuguese West Atlantic coast, was part of the General
Plan for Coastal Protection in 1980/81. As a result, two unusually large groins/headlands were built which were reinforced
and enlarged in 1997, slightly changing their geometry and orientation. However, due to the decreased sediment supply from
the north and the impact of energetic sea conditions common to the northwest coast of Portugal the coastal evolution has not
developed as desired, although in general terms the initial expectations were fulfilled. The numerical modelling of the Espinho
coastline using SMC software focused on both hydrodynamic and hydromorphological aspects. The purpose of this study is to
analyse the most vulnerable areas of the Espinho seafront for current velocities and littoral drift, as well as to confirm
the effectiveness of the two groins in terms of coastal protection. To achieve this, various simulations were performed, taking
into account diverse sea conditions. 相似文献
84.
da Cunha K. Moore Dias Dalia Pereira K. C. Guimarães J. R. D. Lima C. Nascimento J. E. C. Lima R. Hecht A. A. Fiel J. C. B. 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(5):2037-2048
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - The objective of this study was to assess worker exposure to mineral dust particles, and a metabolic model, based on the model adopted by ICRP, was applied... 相似文献
85.
Alexandre?C.?L.?Almeida Luiz?H.?Duczmal André?L.?F.?Can?adoEmail author Fabio?R.?da?Silva 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》2018,25(2):257-275
Multiple data sources are essential to provide reliable information regarding the emergence of potential health threats, compared to single source methods. Spatial Scan Statistics have been adapted to analyze multivariate data sources, but only ad hoc procedures have been devised to address the problem of selecting the most likely cluster and computing its significance. In this work, information from multiple data sources of disease surveillance is incorporated to achieve more coherent spatial cluster detection using tools from multi-criteria analysis. The best cluster solutions are found by maximizing two objective functions simultaneously, based on the concept of dominance. To evaluate the statistical significance of solutions, a statistical approach based on the concept of attainment function is used. The multi-criteria approach has several advantages: the representation of the evaluation function for each data source is clear, and does not suffer from an artificial, and possibly confusing mixture with the other data source evaluations; it is possible to attribute, in a rigorous way, the statistical significance of each candidate cluster; and it is possible to analyze and pick-up the best cluster solutions, as given naturally by the non-dominated set. The methodology is illustrated with real datasets. 相似文献
86.
Pawel Kosinski Roy Nyheim Vijayshankar Asokan Trygve Skjold 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(1):45-51
Explosions of hybrid mixtures, i.e. mixtures containing more than one combustible phase, are not well understood. Most studies in this area involve mixtures of common dusts and gases, such as coal and methane, or polyethylene and ethylene. The present work focuses on explosions of carbon black particles, i.e. almost pure carbon with a very low content of volatiles: this makes the process of explosion less intense. However, addition of some quantities of combustible gases (here: propane) may sustain combustion processes. Another important issue is the fact that the carbon black particles are smaller in size than most dusts encountered in the process industry. The experiments were carried out in a 20-L explosion vessel and the analysis of the results focuses on the maximum explosion pressures and the maximum rates of pressure rise as a function of carbon black and propane concentrations. In addition, some samples of unburnt dust were collected and analysed with a scanning electron microscope and with thermo-gravimetric analysis. 相似文献
87.
In the Harghita volcanic range (Romania) there are many occurrences of dry CO(2) emanations, called mofettes. The emanating gas with high carbon dioxide content has a proved curative effect. The gas also contains important quantities of radon. Since the mofettes are used in curative purposes in several illnesses, in most of the cases without medical supervising, has been proposed to determine the radon activity concentration in some of the most frequented mofettes from Romania. The seasonal variations have also been monitored and were calculated the effective doses received by the patients during a cure. The radon activity concentrations' levels above the mofettes indoor air range between 548 and 10 717Bq/m(3) while within the gas pools' values between 3210 and 32 781Bq/m(3) have been measured. The effective dose received by the patients during a cure is between 0.0086 and 0.16mSv. No major seasonal variations of the radon activity concentrations levels have been pointed out so far in the studied mofettes. 相似文献
88.
Bazała MA Gołda K Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska G 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2008,99(7):1200-1202
We present a new protocol to study fluxes of radionuclides and other xenobiotics in saprophytic fungi. This simple method has successfully been used to evaluate transport of radiocesium in hyphae of Pleurotus eryngii and its translocation to fruitbodies. 相似文献
89.
Lúcio Costa Proença Enedir Ghisi Davi da Fonseca TavaresGabriel Marcon Coelho 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2011,55(11):960-965
Nowadays, it is very important that water and energy resources are used appropriately as this is a challenge to promote sustainable development. In some sectors, such as water and sewerage utilities, energy consumption depends on water consumption. The main objective of this work is to estimate the potential for electricity savings in a water and sewerage utility by reducing potable water consumption in the residential, commercial and public sectors in the city of Florianópolis, southern Brazil. These three sectors account for 98.9% of the total water consumption in the city. By using data related to energy consumption and costs that apply to the local water utility for water and sewage treatment, and also the potential for potable water savings over the three sectors, it is possible to estimate the potential for energy savings by reducing potable water consumption and sewage treatment. Potable water savings were estimated by using data available in the literature about water end-uses for different types of buildings located in Florianópolis. Three options were considered: installing dual-flush toilets, reusing greywater and using rainwater. The average potential for potable water savings were 30.0%, 53.4% and 60.3%, respectively, for the residential, commercial and public sectors. Thus, the average potable water savings amount to about 10,153,835 m3/year, and the electricity savings amount to 4.4 GW h/year, which would be enough to supply 1217 houses or flats in Florianópolis, with an average energy consumption of 300 kW h/month. 相似文献
90.
Silva LI Justino CI Lopes I Pereira R Freitas AC Calado R Rocha-Santos TA Panteleitchouk TS Pereira ME Duarte AC 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2011,13(6):1811-1815
A new methodology for the assessment of thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is proposed based on optical fiber (OF) detection coupled to a liquid chromatography system (LC). The developed methodology showed an adequate performance for the analysis of SCN(-) comparable to a high performance liquid chromatography with UV detector (HPLC-UV) methodology: a detection limit of 3 μg L(-1), a linear range from 4 to 400 μg L(-1), and an analytical time of less than 6 min. The OF based methodology was of compact design and easy operation. This simple system has the potential to be used as a sensing approach for SCN(-) in seawater. 相似文献