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251.
Robinson AL Grieshop AP Donahue NM Hunt SW 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2010,60(10):1204-1222
Atmospheric transformations determine the contribution of emissions from combustion systems to fine particulate matter (PM) mass. For example, combustion systems emit vapors that condense onto existing particles or form new particles as the emissions are cooled and diluted. Upon entering the atmosphere, emissions are exposed to atmospheric oxidants and sunlight, which causes them to evolve chemically and physically, generating secondary PM. This review discusses these transformations, focusing on organic PM. Organic PM emissions are semi-volatile at atmospheric conditions and thus their partitioning varies continuously with changing temperature and concentration. Because organics contribute a large portion of the PM mass emitted by most combustion sources, these emissions cannot be represented using a traditional, static emission factor. Instead, knowledge of the volatility distribution of emissions is required to explicitly account for changes in gas-particle partitioning. This requires updating how PM emissions from combustion systems are measured and simulated from combustion systems. Secondary PM production often greatly exceeds the direct or primary PM emissions; therefore, secondary PM must be included in any assessment of the contribution of combustion systems to ambient PM concentrations. Low-volatility organic vapors emitted by combustion systems appear to be very important secondary PM precursors that are poorly accounted for in inventories and models. The review concludes by discussing the implications that the dynamic nature of these PM emissions have on source testing for emission inventory development and regulatory purposes. This discussion highlights important linkages between primary and secondary PM, which could lead to simplified certification test procedures while capturing the emission components that contribute most to atmospheric PM mass. 相似文献
252.
Phytoremediation and long-term site management of soil contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and heavy metals 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mills T Arnold B Sivakumaran S Northcott G Vogeler I Robinson B Norling C Leonil D 《Journal of environmental management》2006,79(3):232-241
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) previously used as a timber treatment chemical to prevent sap stain and wood rot. Commonly used in wood treatment industries for the last 50 years, there are now many sites worldwide that are contaminated with PCP. Although persistent, PCP is a mobile contaminant and therefore has a propensity to leach and contaminate surrounding environments. Both willow (Salix sp., 'Tangoio') and poplar (Populus sp. 'Kawa') growing in an open-ended plastic greenhouse were found to tolerate soil PCP concentrations of 250 mg kg(-1) or less and both species stimulated a significant increase in soil microbial activity when compared to unplanted controls. Both poplar and willow could not survive PCP concentrations above 250 mg kg(-1) in soil. Pentachlorophenol degradation occurred in both planted and unplanted pots, but a higher rate of degradation was observed in the planted pots. Soil contaminated by wood-treatment activities often contains co-contaminants such as B, Cr, Cu and As, that are also used as timber preservatives. An additional column leaching experiment, done along side the potted trial, found that PCP, B, Cr, Cu and As were all present in the column leachate. This indicates that although Cu, Cr and As are generally considered immobile in the soil, they were mobilised under our column conditions. If a contaminated site were to be hydraulically 'sealed' using plants, a reticulation irrigation system should be installed to capture any contaminant leachate resulting from heavy rains. This captured leachate can either be independently treated, or reapplied to the site. Our data demonstrate a reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity with repeated application of leachate containing PCP and metal compounds but the soil did not become anaerobic. This would need to be considered in site remediation design. 相似文献
253.
Keith Worrall Clive Robinson David Wood Paul Harrington 《环境化学》2006,25(6):805-808
降低二噁英(PCDD/Fs)的检出限(LOD)可以更好地估计这类有毒化合物在食品中的含量.通常的分析方法用无分流进样注入内径0.25 mm长60m的色谱柱. 相似文献
254.
Cash for work (CFW) programmes are utilised in various disaster and emergency contexts and were a prominent component of the tsunami response in Aceh province, Indonesia. This paper describes Mercy Corps' CFW programme, discusses CFW implementation experiences and provides key recommendations for similar programmes in future emergencies. For the majority of CFW participants and their households, CFW was the only source of household income and 93 per cent of household incomes were attributable to it. The CFW programme empowered displaced populations to return to their communities; 91 per cent of participants indicated that CFW facilitated their return. Other reported psychosocial benefits included providing productive activities and giving communities an opportunity to work together. Mercy Corps' experience in Aceh demonstrates that cash disbursements can be safely delivered in a widespread manner in emergencies, and that when implemented on a short-term basis, can have positive impacts at the individual and community level. 相似文献
255.
This study examines factors affecting employees' perceptions that their psychological contract has been breached by their organization, and factors affecting whether this perception will cause employees to experience feelings of contract violation. Data were obtained from 147 managers just prior to their beginning of new job (time 1) and 18 months later (time 2). It was found that perceived contract breach at time 2 was more likely when organizational performance and self‐reported employee performance were low, the employee had not experienced a formal socialization process, the employee had little interaction with organizational agents prior to hire, the employee had a history of psychological contract breach with former employers, and the employee had many employment alternatives at the time of hire. Furthermore, perceived breach was associated with more intense feelings of violation when employees both attributed the breach to purposeful reneging by the employer and felt unfairly treated in the process. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
256.
Using a questionnaire derived from previous research, MBA students in a semester‐long negotiation course rated 30 deceptive negotiation tactics on a 7‐point appropriate–inappropriate scale. Factor analysis of these ratings yielded five primary factors (replicating previous findings) representing a lay model of unethical tactics in negotiation contexts. The emergent factors are: I, traditional competitive bargaining; II, attacking an opponent's network; III, misrepresentation/lying; IV, misuse of information; and V, false promises. The five factors may be reliably measured using a 16‐item questionnaire, introduced here, called the ‘Self‐reported Inappropriate Negotiation Strategies Scale’, (or SINS scale). Analyses of scale ratings by participant demographics yielded some interesting results including: a tendency for women to be more averse to questionable tactics than men; a greater willingness for self‐rated ‘competitive’ individuals to endorse such tactics; and differences in willingness to endorse tactics according to variables such as undergraduate major, years of work experience, and nationality. Willingness to endorse less ethical tactics did not directly relate to actual negotiation performance. Directions for future research, and further uses of the SINS scale, are discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
257.
258.
GIS and multiple-criteria evaluation for the optimisation of tsetse fly eradication programmes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tsetse flies are the vectors of trypanosomes, the causal agent of trypanosomiasis, a widespread disease of livestock and people
in Africa. Control of tsetse may open vast areas of land to livestock-keeping, with the associated benefits of developing
mixed crop-livestock production systems. However, as well as possible positive impacts there are also risks: bush clearing
would accelerate and cattle numbers would rise, leading to a reduction of vegetation cover, and an increase in runoff and
erosion; there may also be increased pressure on conserved areas and reductions in biodiversity. The objective of this study
is to show how remotely sensed and other environmental data can be combined in a decision support system to help inform tsetse
control programmes in a manner that could be used to limit possible detrimental effects of tsetse control. For Zambia, a methodology
is developed that combines a tree-based decision-support approach with the use of Multiple-Criteria Evaluation (MCE), within
a Geographical Information System (GIS), in order to target areas for tsetse control. The results show clear differentiation
of priority areas under a series of hypothetical scenarios, and some areas (e.g. northwest of Petauke in the Eastern Province
of Zambia) are consistently flagged as high priority for control. It is also demonstrated that priority areas do not comprise
isolated tsetse populations, meaning that disease control using an integrated approach is likely to be more economically viable
than local eradication. 相似文献
259.
Robinson BH Green SR Chancerel B Mills TM Clothier BE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(2):225-233
Boron (B) is a widespread environmental contaminant that is mobile relative to other trace elements. We investigated the potential of hybrid poplar (Populus sp.) for B phytomanagement using a lysimeter experiment and a field trial on B-contaminated wood-waste. In both studies, poplars enhanced evapotranspiration from the wood-waste, reduced B leaching, and accumulated B in the aerial portions of the tree. When grown in a substrate containing 30 mg/kg B, poplar leaves had an average B concentration of 845 mg/kg, while the stems contained 21 mg/kg B. Leaf B concentrations increased linearly with leaf age. A decomposition experiment revealed that abscised leaves released 14% of their B during the winter months. Fertiliser application enhanced tree growth without decreasing the leaf B concentrations. Harvesting alternate rows of trees on a contaminated site would reduce leaching from the site while removing B. Harvested plant material may provide bioenergy, stock fodder, or an amendment for B-deficient soils. 相似文献
260.
Regional Environmental Change - Regional organisations play a central role in coordinating regional climate change adaptation responses across small island developing states, 58 countries that are... 相似文献