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171.
The existence of endosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria associating with marine mytilid
mussels has previously been inferred by 16S rDNA analysis in Bathymodiolus puteoserpentis Von Cosel et al. 1994, a hydrothermal vent mussel from a site on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In mussels collected in June 1993,
we found evidence of enzymes diagnostic of two distinct C1 assimilation pathways in this symbiosis. Assays for the utilization of radiolabelled methane and for immunodetection of methanol
dehydrogenase were positive, indicating that oxidation and incorporation of this substrate are occurring in this symbiosis.
Sulfide or thiosulfate had no detectable stimulatory effect on CO2 incorporation, and assays for the enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO), an enzyme diagnostic
for the Calvin–Benson cycle, were negative. RubisCO was detected in all samples examined by immunoblot analysis, indicating
this enzyme is expressed in the B. puteoserpentis symbiosis. Stable isotope data showed that carbon isotope values were in agreement with previously reported values, and nitrogen
isotope values were among the most depleted ever reported for bivalve symbioses. The carbon isotope values do not preclude
the utilization of vent-derived methane. These data could be explained by the presence of two metabolically distinct bacterial
symbionts or a Type X methanotrophic symbiont.
Received: 3 October 1997 / Accepted: 23 July 1998 相似文献
172.
Andrew T. Lambe Jennifer M. Logue Nathan M. Kreisberg Susanne V. Hering David R. Worton Allen H. Goldstein Neil M. Donahue Allen L. Robinson 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(25):3941-3950
We present highly time-resolved measurements of organic molecular markers in downtown Pittsburgh, which are used to investigate sources contributing to atmospheric aerosols in the area. Two-hour average concentrations of condensed-phase and semivolatile organic species were measured using a Thermal Desorption Aerosol GC/MS (TAG). Concentrations for mobile source markers like hopanes had regular diurnal and day-of-week patterns. Pairing high time-resolved measurements with meteorological data helped identify contributions from known point sources for markers correlated with wind direction. Black carbon (BC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organic molecular markers were apportioned to sources using the Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) receptor models. Diesel and gasoline mobile source factors were identified as the main sources of BC in the downtown Pittsburgh area, contributing 67% and 20% of the study-average BC. 13% of the BC was associated with a source factor tentatively identified as an industrial or regional source. The high time resolution of the TAG has the potential to provide important new insight into source apportionment efforts using organic molecular marker measurements. 相似文献
173.
The decline in sea cucumber fisheries that serve the Asian dried seafood market has prompted an increase in global sea cucumber
aquaculture. The tropical sandfish (Holothuria scabra) has, in this context, been reared and produced with mixed success. In the Western Indian Ocean, villagers often participate
in the export fishery for sea cucumbers as a source of income. However, with a growing concern of depleted stocks introduction
of hatcheries to farm sandfish as a community livelihood and to replenish wild stocks is being promoted. This review identifies
and discusses a number of aspects that constitute constraints or implications with regard to development of sandfish farming
in the region. The conclusion is that for sandfish farming to live up to its expectations the possible impacts need to be
further studied, and that improved evaluation of ongoing projects is required. In the interim, a precautionary approach toward
new enterprise activities is suggested. 相似文献
174.
Thaddeus R. Miller Arnim Wiek Daniel Sarewitz John Robinson Lennart Olsson David Kriebel Derk Loorbach 《Sustainability Science》2014,9(2):239-246
Over the last decade, sustainability science has been at the leading edge of widespread efforts from the social and natural sciences to produce use-inspired research. Yet, how knowledge generated by sustainability science and allied fields will contribute to transitions toward sustainability remains a critical theoretical and empirical question for basic and applied research. This article explores the limitations of sustainability science research to move the field beyond the analysis of problems in coupled systems to interrogate the social, political and technological dimensions of linking knowledge and action. Over the next decade, sustainability science can strengthen its empirical, theoretical and practical contributions by developing along four research pathways focused on the role of values in science and decision-making for sustainability: how communities at various scales envision and pursue sustainable futures; how socio-technical change can be fostered at multiple scales; the promotion of social and institutional learning for sustainable development. 相似文献
175.
Manoj Menon Svetla Rousseva Nikolaos P. Nikolaidis Pauline van Gaans Panos Panagos Danielle Maia de Souza Kristin Vala Ragnarsdottir Georg J. Lair Liping Weng Jaap Bloem Pavel Kram Martin Novak Brynhildur Davidsdottir Gudrun Gisladottir David A. Robinson Brian Reynolds Tim White Lars Lundin Bin Zhang Christopher Duffy Stefano M. Bernasconi Peter de Ruiter Winfried E. H. Blum Steven A. Banwart 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3191-3195
Soil is a complex natural resource that is considered non-renewable in policy frameworks, and it plays a key role in maintaining a variety of ecosystem services (ES) and life-sustaining material cycles within the Earth's Critical Zone (CZ). However, currently, the ability of soil to deliver these services is being drastically reduced in many locations, and global loss of soil ecosystem services is estimated to increase each year as a result of many different threats, such as erosion and soil carbon loss. The European Union Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection alerts policy makers of the need to protect soil and proposes measures to mitigate soil degradation. In this context, the European Commission-funded research project on Soil Transformations in European Catchments (SoilTrEC) aims to quantify the processes that deliver soil ecosystem services in the Earth's Critical Zone and to quantify the impacts of environmental change on key soil functions. This is achieved by integrating the research results into decision-support tools and applying methods of economic valuation to soil ecosystem services. In this paper, we provide an overview of the SoilTrEC project, its organization, partnerships and implementation. 相似文献
176.
F. L. Ludwig Elmer Robinson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(3):102-105
It is shown how the Goetz Aerosol Spectrometer can be used to determine the particle size distribution of a specific component of a mixed atmospheric aerosol. The method requires no micrographic counting, but does require that sensitive quantitative chemical analysis methods be available for the compounds of interest. The accuracy of the method and the sensitivity limitations are briefly discussed. 相似文献
177.
R. C. Robbins K. M. Borg E. Robinson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(2):106-110
A carbon monoxide analyzer has been developed which is capable of continuous measurement of the carbon monoxide concentration in the atmosphere. The operating principle of the instrument is the reaction of carbon monoxide with hot mercuric oxide followed by the photometric determination of the mercury vapor produced. Oxygenated hydrocarbons and olefins are quantitatively detected. Those normally present are in the ambient atmosphere in low concentrations relative to CO. Hydrogen and methane in the atmosphere do not interfere with the CO analysis. Measurements of atmospheric CO concentrations in California, Greenland, and Oregon seem to indicate that CO content is an air mass characteristic. North Pacific marine air mass concentrations may be as low as about 0.040 parts per million (ppm) CO, while the air mass over continental California seems to be characterized by CO levels of 0.5-1.0 ppm or greater. 相似文献
178.
179.
180.
Cheng FY Burkey KO Robinson JM Booker FL 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,150(3):355-362
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars Essex and Forrest that exhibit differences in ozone (O(3)) sensitivity were used in greenhouse experiments to investigate the role of leaf extracellular antioxidants in O(3) injury responses. Charcoal-filtered air and elevated O(3) conditions were used to assess genetic, leaf age, and O(3) effects. In both cultivars, the extracellular ascorbate pool consisted of 80-98% dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (AA) that is not an antioxidant. For all combinations of genotype and O(3) treatments, extracellular AA levels were low (1-30nmolg(-1) FW) and represented 3-30% of the total antioxidant capacity. Total extracellular antioxidant capacity was twofold greater in Essex compared with Forrest, consistent with greater O(3) tolerance of Essex. The results suggest that extracellular antioxidant metabolites in addition to ascorbate contribute to detoxification of O(3) in soybean leaves and possibly affect plant sensitivity to O(3) injury. 相似文献