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201.
Teodor Velea Liliana Gherghe Vasile Predica Rolf Krebs 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):27-32
Background, aim, and scope
Heavy metals such as lead are well known to cause harmful health effects. Especially children are particularly susceptible to increased levels of lead in their blood. It is also a fact that lead concentration is increasing in the environment due to increased anthropogenic activity. The risk of heavy metal contamination is pronounced in the environment adjacent to large industrial complexes. In a combined case study, the environmental pollution by heavy metals was related to children’s health in the vicinity of an industrial area located 4 km south-east from Bucharest about 2 km east from the nearest town—Pantelimon. This site includes companies processing different, nonferrous solid wastes for recovery of heavy metals and producing different nonferrous alloys and lead batteries. In this paper, mainly the results of environmental sampling and analyses are summarized.Materials and methods
Water, soil, and atmospheric deposition samples were collected from different locations within 3 km from the industrial area. For comparison, samples were also taken from Bucharest. Water samples were filtered (<0.45 μm), extracted by salpetric acid, and quantified by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. Soil samples were dried, sieved (<2 mm), extracted by aqua regia and analyzed by AAS. In order to quantify the atmospheric deposition, three kinds of permanently open collecting pots were used on nine different sites between August and November 2006.Results
At most sampling locations, the heavy metal concentrations in soil decrease with increasing distance to the presumably major source of pollution. Highest heavy metal concentrations were found in 10–20 cm soil depths. There were also decreasing heavy metal concentrations for atmospheric deposition with increasing distance to the industrial site. In surface and groundwater samples, traces of zinc, copper and lead were detected.Discussion
The heavy metal concentrations in soil were increased in the study area, mostly under legal action limits in low-concern areas (e.g., 1,000 mg Pb/kg dry soil), but often above action limits for high-concern areas (100 mg Pb/kg dry soil) such as populated areas. The soluble lead concentrations in water samples indicate a need for monitoring and assessing water quality in more detail. The results for atmospheric deposition showed increased dust precipitation and heavy metal loads in the study area compared to Bucharest. However, based on mass flow balance calculations, the actual atmospheric deposition of heavy metals must be much lower than it was in the past decades.Conclusions
It was shown that highest lead values in water, soil and atmospheric deposition are rather to be found near the investigated industrial site than at the control sites in Bucharest. Our results correspond very well with results that show that children from Pantelimon have significantly increased lead concentrations in their blood compared to children in Bucharest. The increased lead contamination around the investigated industrial area is likely to have caused the increased exposure for children living in Pantelimon.Recommendations and perspectives
In high-concern areas, such as found in populated areas, further measures have to be taken to avoid health risks for people living in these areas. The measures already taken to reduce emissions from the industrial site will help to avoid further increases in heavy metal concentrations. In areas with exceeded action limits, measures have to be taken as required by law. Detailed risk assessments could help to take necessary actions to protect public health in this area. The public should be informed about the potential hazards of eating plants grown in that area. Educational programs for schools, informing children about the contamination, should lead to a better understanding of environmental problems and a more sustainable behavior in the future.202.
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205.
Rolf Schmid 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1985,72(10):534-538
Major developments in Japanese biotechnology in 1984 are reviewed. Besides industry and academia, research associations (companies and governmental research institutions guided by ministries) carry out joint fundamental research in biotechnology. Another important long-range aspect is the Technopolis Concept, which aims at decentralizing research and technological activities. 相似文献
206.
207.
Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen Svea Reiners Rolf Altenburger 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2004,16(2):85-91
Goal and Scope
A community test is introduced usingin situ periphyton communities and the pollution induced community tolerance for ecotoxicological testing. It was the aim of the study to evaluate the feasibility of the test for the assessment of xenobiotics and contaminated environmental aquatic samples.Methods
The herbicides Isoproturon and Prometryn were tested using standardised microphytobenthic communities of differing contamination. A pulse-amplitude-modulated fluorescence based method was used to detect the impact of the herbicides on the photosynthetic system of the microalgae.Results and Conclusions
Despite the variability of the ecosystem (samples were taken from different sites and varying taxonomy throughout a period of two months), the tests show high sensitivity and good reproduction features. EC50 values of 0.025 mg L?1 for Isoproturon and 0.016 mg L?1 for Prometryn were evaluated. These effect concentrations ranged in the same order of magnitude as the results derived from cell reproduction inhibition tests withScenedesmus vacuolatus (0.029 mg L?1 for Isoproturon and 0.012 mg L?1 for Prometryn). For Isoproturon, the test was able to differentiate effect concentrations for single algal classes within natural communities. The test was used to assess a contaminated effluent entering a stream (Spittelwasser) in the region of Bitterfeld. The effluent originate from a local chemical industry site, where Prometryn was produced for 4 decades. According to the PICT-concept (pollution induced community tolerance), we hypothesed that periphyton taken downstream of the effluent was more tolerant to Prometryn than uncontaminated communities. It could be shown that the herbicide caused a shift in the concentration response relationships of communities from different contaminated sites, indicating the development of tolerance. We conclude that the test using periphyton communities and considering the development of tolerance is able to evaluate a causal analysis of chronic effects of pollutants on community level. The multi-species test usingin situ communities reflects a higher biological organisation level than a single species laboratory test.Outlook
The PICT-concept could be used for ecological risk assessment of pollutants in the environment bridging the gap between single species laboratory testing and time consuming mesocosmos and field studies. 相似文献208.
209.
RolfD.Baldus 《世界环境》2004,(5):51-53
因为多种多样的生态、经济以及其他方面的原因,保护非洲的生物多样性刻不容缓。经济利益的驱使并非首要问题,然而忽视这一因素将不可避免地导致保护目标不能得以实现。 相似文献
210.