逐步发展的生态旅游同盟保护科隆群岛的生物多样性

经营不善的旅游导致环境污染 , 扰乱野生动植物生长 , 并对一度与外界隔离的群落带来诸多 不利影响 . 生态旅游是自然保护主义者为当地居民提供的一种选择 , 居民们致力于保护其生 态 , 又致力于经济受益以维系社会与生产结构 . SmartVoyagerTM认证的强大潜能通过该项目 支持在科隆群岛实施的各项自然保护运动来说明 (其实施过程的评估与预先制定的环境与社会准则一致 ).     

Influence of fur trade,famine, and forest fires on moose and woodland caribou populations in northwestern Ontario from 1786 to 1911

Hudson’s Bay Company records were used to estimate the 1786–1911 annual number of moose (Alces alces andersonii) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) involved in trade by northern Ojibwa natives to the company post at Osnaburgh House (51°10′N 90°15′W) in northwest Ontario, Canada. The human population for the early 19th century, and the number and severity of human starvations from 1786 to 1911 were estimated. The extent of forest fires in the region around Osnaburgh was documented using a “fire-day” index computed from Hudson’s Bay Company journals and using qualitative archival information. It is argued that the human population was too small to have caused the observed early 19th century moose and caribou population decline solely through predation. Likewise, severe early 19th century famines were caused by climatic factors rather than by declines in moose and caribou numbers. Habitat change caused by increased forest fires correlates with the observed decline of caribou, while moose increased and subsequently collapsed as winter shelter was destroyed. A burgeoning human population, sustained during winter food shortages on potatoes donated by the Hudson’s Bay Company, then kept ungulate populations to low levels until the late 19th century. Only then did maturing forests and a new outbreak of fires provide renewed habitat for resurgences of, respectively, caribou and moose.     

The effect of passive smoking on pulmonary function in children

A study of ventilatory function was conducted in 344 nuclear families in a representative community population sample in Tucson, AZ. Household aggregation of pulmonary function, which is dependent on household aggregation of body mass, might affect the relationship of children's pulmonary function to parental smoking. When household aggregation of body mass was taken into account, there was no relationship of children's pulmonary function values to parental smoking. The trend, in the opposite direction, was similar to that found by Speizer et al. (1980a), but was not significant in this study. It must be concluded that passive smoking in the family, usually due to parental smoking habits, does not seriously affect permanent markers of respiratory disease such as pulmonary function.     

Start-up and initial operational experience on Colorado Springs' Martin Drake unit no. 6 baghouse

A fabric filter baghouse was installed on an 85 MW unit at the City of Colorado Springs' Martin Drake Power Plant. This baghouse retrofit was placed on line in September 1978. During the initial operation, some minor design and operational problems arose. Minor modifications were made to the baghouse system which eliminated these problems. The baghouse is experiencing a relatively low operating pressure drop and continues to maintain zero visible emissions.     

A mixture of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) changed the lipid content of pregnant Long Evans rats

Pregnant Long Evans rats received 1.0 μg/kg of dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) by oral gavage on the 15th gestational day (GD 15), using a dosing mixture that contained two polychlorinated dioxins, four polychlorinated furans and three non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Rats were sacrificed on GD 16, GD 21 and postnatal day 4 (PND 4). The lipid content of fetus, pup, placenta and maternal liver, serum and adipose tissue were determined. Treated GD 16 and GD 21 fetuses had identical lipid content to the control group, yet the lipid content of treated pups on PND 4 was 32% higher than that of the control group. On the other hand, the lipid content of placenta, liver, and serum from the treated dams was 44–50%, 24%, and 38% lower than that of the control group, respectively. Thus, a low-dose mixture of dioxin-like compounds can cause changes in lipid content. The lipid content of offspring was not affected until they were exposed via lactation.     

Application of multiple objective models to water resources planning and management

Over the past 30 years, we have seen the birth and growth of multiple objective analysis from an idea without tools to one with useful applications. Models have been developed and applications have been researched to address the multiple purposes and objectives inherent in the development and management of water resources. A practical approach to multiple objective modelling incorporates macroeconomic-based policies and expectations in order to optimize the results from both engineering (structural) and management (non-structural) alternatives, while taking into account the economic and environmental trade-offs.     

Preparedness for emergency response: guidelines for the emergency planning process

Especially since the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, governments worldwide have invested considerable resources in the writing of terrorism emergency response plans. Particularly in the United States, the federal government has created new homeland security organisations and urged state and local governments to draw up plans. This emphasis on the written plan tends to draw attention away from the process of planning itself and the original objective of achieving community emergency preparedness. This paper reviews the concepts of community preparedness and emergency planning, and their relationships with training, exercises and the written plan. A series of 10 planning process guidelines are presented that draw upon the preparedness literature for natural and technological disasters, and can be applied to any environmental threat.