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Determining the appropriate criteria and designs for hazardous waste landfill covers has spawned much discussion within the environmental remediation arena. Very little reliable comparison of various technologies exists. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory studied the relative hydrologic performance of four landfill cover designs—two capillary barrier designs, one modified EPA RCRA design, and one control cover. Monitoring the fate of natural precipitation for nearly four years showed that the covers with barrier layers more effectively reduced deep percolation than the control cover. Although none entirely eliminated deep percolation, the RCRA cover, incorporating a clay hydraulic barrier, most effectively controlled it. The two capillary barriers reduced deep percolation, but significant amounts were still produced. Over 90 percent of all percolation through the covers, and lateral flow within the covers, occurred during February through May each year, primarily as a result of snowmelt, early spring rains, and low evapotranspiration. The study also showed that gravel mulch surface treatments (70- to 80-percent ground cover) reduced runoff and erosion. Despite additional shrubs planted on one, the two plots receiving the gravel mulch treatments exhibited equally enhanced amounts of evapotranspiration. 相似文献
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Addressing Gaps in Environmental Emergency Planning: Hazardous Materials Releases during Earthquakes
Michael K. Lindell Ronald W. Perry 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》1996,39(4):529-544
Hazardous materials, in many forms, are ubiquitous in modern society. They are integrated into communities in the form of manufacturing and commercial establishments, medical facilities and laboratories-'hazmat' also circulates through communities in the transportation process, by rail, truck and pipeline. In areas vulnerable to earthquakes, hazmat releases constitute a secondary disaster that can be triggered by seismic action. This paper points out that little research and management attention have been given to the issue of earthquake-induced hazardous materials releases. The problem and its potential consequences are defined, and the history of hazmat releases in recent earthquakes is reviewed. Existing studies of earthquakeinduced hazardous materials releases are critiqued to identify gaps in knowledge that should be filled as a preface to meaningful efforts at planning for this hazard. Suggestions are outlined for the types of information needed to establish a database from which threat assessments, mitigation measures and emergency response strategies may be derived. 相似文献
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Brian M. Snyder Ronald M. Dennis Mary J. S. Roth Ramesh Krishnan Harry W. Parker 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》1995,6(1):69-80
The Palmerton Zinc Site is a Superfund site in Palmerton, Pennsylvania. Its former mineral processing operations have contaminated nearby wells and soils with zinc and cadmium. Preliminary analysis of soil and dust sampling conducted in May 1991 has revealed that the dust poses a potential threat to human health. Based on the results of a previous study, which showed a high percentage of silt and clay in soils from Palmerton residential properties, it was concluded that soil washing is not likely to be a viable method to treat the soil and dust contamination in Palmerton. However, since the completion of this study, a soil-washing process for “unwashable” clays and silts has been developed. A residential soil sample from Palmerton, which had low concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, and lead, and a somewhat high concentration of zinc, was washed in a bench-scale version of this process. The results showed that the new soil-washing process for “unwashable” clays and silts may be a viable method to treat the soil and dust contamination in Palmerton, depending on the soil quality criteria concentrations selected for site cleanup. 相似文献
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Ronald P. Larkin 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1980,6(3):229-232
Summary Further analysis of radar tracks of migrating birds over the Atlantic Ocean (Larkin et al., 1979) indicates that birds sometimes fly at lower air speeds when winds are in the direction of flight than in crosswinds or head winds. The birds are able to estimate wind direction over open ocean by a mechanism which is presently open to speculation. 相似文献
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Ronald A. Chadderton 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1979,15(4):1159-1167
ABSTRACT: Three methods of modeling acid mine drainage effects are discussed. A net alkalinity routing model is the simplest of these, but can be potentially misleading. It typically overestimates the effect of acid sources on pH by neglecting carbon dioxide transfer to the atmosphere. Inclusion of a simple carbon dioxide transfer function can substantially reduce errors in stream quality prediction. A plug flow reaeration equation, coupled with mass balancing at mixing points in a stream network provides modeling results comparable to those of more complex computerized solutions of chemical equilibrium equations. None of the models accounts for carbonate dissolution or oxidation and hydrolysis of ferrous iron. 相似文献
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Six fish species were collected: summer trout (Salmo alar), rock fish (Roccus lineatus), pink snapper (Lutianus ava), croaker (Stellifer lancelatus), sheepshead (Diplodus holbrooki) and spanish mackeral (Scomberomorus maculatus). Seven trace elements were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results indicate that the trace elements iron, copper, zinc, mercury, chromium, and nickel show higher levels in the livers than in the flesh of all the six fish species. Surprisingly, magnesium concentration levels were consistently higher in flesh than in the livers of all six fish species. 相似文献