基于TUV模式的对流层光解速率影响因子的研究

应用TUV辐射传输模式进行了一系列的敏感性试验,以期确定影响对流层O₃和NO₂光解速率的关键性因子.结果表明,气溶胶的光学性质对光解速率的影响存在明显差异.在气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）一定的情况下,散射性越强,近地面光解速率越大;当AOD从0.5增加至2.5,J[O¹D]和J[NO₂]极大值分别下降30.3%和13.1%.光解速率对较小的云光学厚度的变化比较敏感.云对J[NO₂]的影响存在明显的时间差异,在早晨和傍晚,J[NO₂]的衰减可以达到12%,而午时,J[NO₂]的衰减不足4%;在垂直方向上,云层的存在能够减小通过云层的光化辐射通量,有效降低云下光解速率,而云滴的后向散射特性能增大云上的光解速率.臭氧能够吸收300nm左右的紫外辐射,因而臭氧柱浓度变化对J[O¹D]有显著的影响,臭氧柱浓度从200DU增加至400DU,J[O¹D]极大值下降了53.1%,J[NO₂]极大值仅降低了1.0%.同时发现,气溶胶和云相对位置的改变对光解速率的垂直分布有较大的影响,气溶胶在云上时,高层的光解速率明显增大,且气溶胶的散射性越强,光解速率的增幅越大;当吸收性气溶胶位于云上时,使得高层光化辐射通量大量衰减,此时云层对于光解速率的影响比较微弱.     

砷污染湿地生境下土壤微生物多样性及群落结构特征

为研究As（砷）污染对微生物多样性的影响,找寻有利于As污染修复的抗As菌种,利用高通量测序技术分析As胁迫〔w（As）分别为0、80、100、150、200和400 mg/kg,依次记为AT0组、AT80组、AT100组、AT150组、AT200组和AT400组〕对湿地生境中土壤微生物多样性及群落结构特征的影响.结果表明:As污染会引起微生物多样性和群落结构的变化,但并不是简单的负相关.在各处理组中,AT80组的土壤中微生物多样性最高,OTU（operational taxonomic units）数高达1 849,较未经As处理的AT0组增加了58.9%,说明低As胁迫在一定程度上会刺激As敏感微生物的生长繁殖,如Desulfovibrio（脱硫弧菌属）和Allobaculum等菌属,使群落结构更加复杂多样.高w（As）（400 mg/kg）对微生物有明显的抑制作用,导致某些物种消亡和多样性下降.As胁迫会诱导抗As微生物〔如Pseuomonas（假单胞菌属）〕成为优势类群,群落结构趋于稳定、单一.微生物群落结构对不同w（As）胁迫有明显的响应特征,可作为As污染湿地土壤质量评价的灵敏指标.在AT400组中存在大量的Pseudomonas veronii,可为As污染湿地微生物修复提供借鉴.研究显示,微生物对As污染具有较为敏感的响应,其中,Proteobacteria（变形菌门）和Firmicutes（厚壁菌门）为As污染生境中微生物优势门类并且与非专性吸附态As和谷胱甘肽含量呈正相关.      

Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of environmental pollutants

Environmental pollution, a major problem worldwide, poses considerable threat to human health and ecological environment. Efficient and reliable detection technologies, which focus on the appearance of emerging environmental and trace pollutants, are urgently needed. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS) has become an attractive analytical tool for sensing trace targets in environmental field because of its inherent molecular fingerprint specificity and high sensitivity. In this review, we focused on the recent developments in the integration of magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) with SERS for facilitating sensitive detection of environmental pollutants. An overview and classification of different types of MNPs for SERS detection were initially provided, enabling us to categorize the huge amount of literature that was available in the interdisciplinary research field of MNPs based SERS technology. Then, the basic working principles and applications of MNPs in SERS detection were presented. Subsequently, the detection technologies integrating MNPs with SERS that eventually were used for the detection of various environmental pollutions were reviewed. Finally, the advantages of MNP-basedSERS detection technology for environmental pollutants were concluded, and the current challenges and future outlook of this technology in practical applications were highlighted. The application of the MNPsbasedSERS techniques for environmental analysis will be significantly advanced with the great progresses of the nanotechnologies, optics, and materials.     

铜胁迫对铜绿微囊藻生长及产毒素的影响

以硝酸盐和磷酸氢盐为主要氮源和磷源,通过测定一定初始氮、磷条件下不同Cu~(2+)浓度培养液中藻密度及藻毒素浓度来研究微量元素Cu对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果表明:当Cu~(2+)浓度为1和10μg·L~(-1)时,藻细胞的生长情况最好,藻密度取得所有浓度梯度中最大值;当Cu~(2+)浓度为1μg·L~(-1)时,藻细胞产毒素总量最大;Cu~(2+)严重缺乏(0.01μg·L~(-1))和过量(100μg·L~(-1))时,藻毒素的合成均受到严重抑制.Cu~(2+)浓度变化影响铜绿微囊藻对硝氮的利用效率,当Cu~(2+)浓度为0.01、0.1及100μg·L~(-1)时,氮元素的利用效率都相对较低.细胞比增长率与单细胞产毒量之间的相关性分析及线性拟合结果表明,单细胞产毒素量与细胞比增长率之间存在很好的线性关系:在Cu~(2+)浓度处于0.01~10μg·L~(-1)范围内,二者表现为正相关;Cu过量时(100μg·L~(-1)),表现为负相关,依据此结果可通过比增长率来预测单细胞的产毒素水平.     

南通市重污染过程PM_(2.5)中OC/EC浓度水平及污染特征分析

采用EC/OC在线分析仪连续监测数据,结合空气自动监测站监测的PM_(2.5)浓度数据和气象参数,对南通市几次重污染过程进行了分析。结果表明,OC/EC浓度随PM_(2.5)浓度变化趋势基本一致,重污染过程中明显升高,是导致南通市重污染天气的重要元素之一。重污染过程中存在明显的二次有机碳污染,且重污染程度越高,二次有机污染越严重。单次重污染过程OC/EC来源基本相同,仅凭OC/EC的比值判断污染物来源是不充分的。污染过程中TC(OC+EC)的上升幅度较PM_(2.5)中其他组分低,污染后其下降幅度也相对较低。     

纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮的优化研究

纳氏试剂比色法测定污水中氨氮,其蒸馏预处理过程存在耗时长、馏出液接收不便和操作繁琐等问题.文章对预处理及测定方法进行了优化,提出将水样蒸馏体积减少为50 mL,后期比色体积减少为25 mL,并去除硼酸吸收液,改为直接接收馏出液.经验证,其结果与国标方法无显著性差异,标样验证相对误差为-0.8%~0.9%,实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差为0.9%~4.4%,加标回收率为94%~107%.优化的方法测量数据稳定,结果准确,在测定污水中氨氮具有实际应用意义.     

汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子相关性分析

基于不同水文期特点,分别在平水期(2014年4月)、丰水期(2014年7月)、枯水期(2014年12月)对三峡库区支流汝溪河的浮游硅藻及理化参数进行采样监测,应用功能群分类和数理统计分析等手段,探讨汝溪河不同水文期浮游硅藻功能群特征及其与环境因子间的相互关系.结果表明:3个水文期,汝溪河共发现浮游硅藻功能群10个,分别为A、B、C、D、L_o、MP、P、T_B、X3、S1类群,其中种类最多的功能群是MP类群,数量最多的是D类群.多元逐步回归分析发现,影响平水期功能类群密度最重要的环境因子为总氮(TN);与丰水期功能群密度显著相关的环境因子为透明度(SD);浊度(Tur)、碱度和pH以及电导率则是影响枯水期功能群密度的主要环境因子.RDA分析结果显示,影响汝溪河浮游硅藻功能群多样性的主要环境因子含水温(WT)、电导率(Spc)、氧化还原电位(ORP)、溶解氧(DO)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)等.因此,功能群能较好反映汝溪河的生境特点,而氮营养元素对汝溪河浮游植物功能群变化及水质的影响应引起关注.     

Robustness of the western United States power grid under edge attack strategies due to cascading failures

Power systems are the basic support of modern infrastructures and protecting them from random failures or intentional attacks is an active topic of research in safety science. This paper is motivated by the following two related problems about cascading failures on power grids: efficient edge attack strategies and lower cost protections on edges. Applying the recent cascading model by adopting a local load redistribution rule, where the initial load of an edge ij is (k_ik_j)^θ with k_i and k_j being the degrees of the nodes connected by the edge, we investigate the performance of the power grid of the western United States subject to three intentional attacks. Simulation results show that the effects of different attacks for the network robustness against cascading failures have close relations with the tunable parameter θ. Particularly, the attack on the edges with the lower load in the case of θ < 1.4 can result in larger cascading failures than the one on the edges with the higher load. In addition, compared with the other two attacks, a new attack, i.e., removing the edges with the smallest proportion between the total capacities of the neighboring edges of and the capacity of the attacked edge, usually are prone to trigger cascading failures over the US power grid. Our findings will be not only helpful to protect the key edges selected effectively to avoid cascading-failure-induced disasters, but also useful in the design of high-robustness and low-cost infrastructure networks.     

RC结构物拆除工程"零排放"研究

分析了钢筋混凝土结构物的生命周期规律,阐述了建筑业拆除工程中零排放概念.深人研究拆除工程零排放框架及其工程体系,确立了拆除现场零排放的管理机制.以建筑拆除中产生量最大的混凝土碎料为例,剖析了循环再利用方法和资源循环流程.结合某体育馆的拆除实例.分析了实施零排放的工程经验.为探索我国拆除行业实现零排放和环境负荷最小化提供...     

甘家湖湿地边缘带土地荒漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

采用分形理论,研究了甘家湖湿地边缘带不同景观变化类型土壤颗粒体积分形维数的特征。结果表明,（1）从芦苇湿地边缘、胡杨林土、梭梭灌木林土、芦苇湿地、耕地周边、耕地到盐化草甸土的土壤粒径变化可以看出：湿地边缘带土壤荒漠化演变中砂粒含量在逐渐上升,粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐下降。这表明湿地边缘带人为的放牧、开垦、牛羊践踏对土壤产生了...