排放控制区政策下船舶辅机大气污染物排放特征研究

船舶运输业蓬勃发展的同时，也向大气中排放了大量有害气体.为此我国制定了分阶段实施的船舶排放控制区政策，以期通过限制燃油含硫量控制船舶大气污染问题.本研究于2016年和2018年在排放控制区政策实施前后，连续对A船和B船2艘万吨级航海船进行登船实测，使用"碳平衡法"计算了船舶尾气中各类污染物基于燃油消耗量的排放因子.结果表明，A船、B船由使用含硫量为2.20%和2.10%的燃油转为使用含硫量为0.470%和0.003%的燃油后，SO₂排放因子分别由44.00 g·kg^-1和42.00 g·kg^-1下降到9.40 g·kg^-1和0.80 g·kg^-1，PM_2.5排放因子分别由2.44 g·kg^-1和1.02 g·kg^-1下降到0.870 g·kg^-1和0.003 g·kg^-1，TVOC排放因子则分别由0.061 g·kg^-1和0.106 g·kg^-1升高到0.292 g·kg^-1和0.706 g·kg^-1.对比使用不同含硫量燃油时船舶PM_2.5的减排情况发现，现阶段以燃油含硫量≤ 0.5%为限值的排放控制区政策，以及即将推行的以燃油含硫量≤ 0.1%为限值的排放控制区政策都能有效地降低船舶颗粒物排放.在成分特征方面，转用含硫量更低的燃油后，A船、B船PM_2.5中硫酸盐在水溶性离子中的占比分别由58.6%和44.3%下降到18.1%和7.9%；PM_2.5中钒元素含量分别降低了82.5%和98.9%，镍元素含量分别降低了20.8%和98.5%；VOCs中烯烃占比分别提高了11.9%和19.3%，而芳香烃占比则分别下降了32.0%和4.5%.由于排放控制区政策实施以后，船舶排放的颗粒物中钒元素的含量大幅减少，钒元素将不再适合作为船舶大气污染示踪物.     

Control of mercury vapor emissions from combustion flue gas

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Mercury (Hg) emission from combustion flue gas is a significant environmental concern due to its toxicity and high volatility. A number of the research efforts have been carried out in the past decade exploiting mercury emission, monitoring and control from combustion flue gases. Most recently, increasing activities are focused on evaluating the behavior of mercury in coal combustion systems and developing novel Hg control technologies. This is partly due to the new regulatory requirement on mercury emissions from coal-fired combustors to be enacted under the U.S. Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The aim of this review work is to better understand the state-of-the-art technologies of flue gas mercury control and identify the gaps of knowledge hence areas for further opportunities in research and development. MAIN FEATURES: This paper examines mercury behaviors in combustion systems through a comprehensive review of the available literature. About 70 published papers and reports were cited and studied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: This paper summarizes the mechanisms of formation of mercury containing compounds during combustion, its speciation and reaction in flue gas, as well as subsequent mobilization in the environment. It also provides a review of the current techniques designed for real-time, continuous emission monitoring (CEM) for mercury. Most importantly, current flue gas mercury control technologies are reviewed while activated carbon adsorption, a technology that offers the greatest potential for the control of gas-phase mercury emissions, is highlighted. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Although much progress has been achieved in the last decade, techniques developed for the monitoring and control of mercury from combustion flue gases are not yet mature and gaps in knowledge exist for further advancement. More R&D efforts are required for the effective control of Hg emissions and the main focuses are identified.     

湖南省几种主要菜园土铅的化学行为及其作物效应的初步研究

温度、ｐＨ、有机质及不同价态阳离子对铅吸持－解吸量有明显的影响．土壤中的铅在低浓度范围内（红茶园土为１００μｇ／ｇ，石灰性菜园土为５００μｇ／ｇ）对小白菜生长有刺激作用，超过一定浓度（红菜园土为≥５００μｇ／ｇ，石灰性莱园土为≥１００μｇ／ｇ）则有抑制作用．小白莱的含铅量随土壤铅浓度的增加而增加，两者呈极显著正相关．三种改良剂对铅污染土壤有明显的改良效果，其中以猪粪、石灰两种改良剂的效果为好，钙镁磷肥次之．     

Phototransformation of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River: Kinetics and photoproduct analysis

Nitrobenzene (NB) pollution of the Songhua River caused by an explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City,Jilin Province, China,attracted public concern over the fate of NB in the river.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,the kinetics and mechanism of phototransformation of NB in natural water from four sections of the Songhua River were investigated.It was found that photodegradation of NB in water proceeded via pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics under simulated ...     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。     

北京城区绿地土壤渗透性能及其对降雨产流的影响分析

土壤渗透性是影响雨水入渗的关键因素之一,是分析土壤蓄积雨水能力的重要前提条件。针对目前城市绿地土壤渗透性能实测数据缺失、评估方法单一、指标选取较少的现状,采取实测法获取北京不同城市功能区的绿地土壤渗透速率、孔隙比、含水率等数据,并采用相关性、因子分析和多元线性回归分析法,分析影响城市建筑小区土壤渗透性的主要因素,探索建立精度更高、数据需求量更少、计算时间更短的土壤渗透模型。运用该模型得到北京市城市绿地雨水入渗能力水平,建立土壤-降雨产流之间的联系,得到以实测数据为基础,更贴近实际产流过程的径流系数。结果表明:试验样地内3种功能区土壤渗透性能排序为:居住区 > 文教区 > 商业区,实测入渗曲线均符合霍顿渗透模型;土壤内部因素中孔隙比、初始含水率和初始入渗速率三者相互关系紧密,外部因素中植被覆盖度与人为干扰情况呈强负相关,考虑到内外部因素共同作用,初始入渗速率可与初始含水率和植被覆盖度建立初步线性关系式（R2>0.9）;入渗量对雨量径流系数的影响随着降雨量和不透水区域面积比例的增大而减小,入渗量占年径流总量控制率对应的降雨量的比值为37.6%~58.2%,并与降雨量呈负相关。研究结果可为海绵城市建模和下垫面优化设计提供理论参考。     

制备工艺对nZVI/污泥基生物炭中Zn、Cu、Pb形态分布及其生态风险的影响

以市政污泥为原料、纳米零价铁（nZVI）为添加剂,采用热解法制备污泥生物炭,考察了nZVI添加量、热解温度和升温速率对生物炭中Zn、Cu、Pb形态分布及其生态风险的影响。结果显示:高nZVI添加量、高热解温度及低升温速率可提高稳定态（BCR法） Zn、Cu和Pb的含量;高nZVI添加量可促使Zn、Cu和Pb向可氧化态转化,而高热解温度和低升温速率有利于残渣态Zn、Cu和Pb的生成;最优nZVI添加量、热解温度和升温速率分别为2000 mg/kg,800℃和4℃/min。此外,当nZVI添加量为800 mg/kg、热解温度为800℃和升温速率为2℃/min时有利于降低Zn、Cu和Pb的生态风险;Zn、Cu和Pb总体生态风险等级分别为低风险、低风险和无风险,与Cu和Pb相比,Zn的生态风险较高;以RI值为评价指标,nZVI/污泥基生物炭的优化制备工艺为:nZVI添加量为200 mg/kg,热解温度为800℃,升温速率为5℃/min。     

Investigation and assessment of micropollutants and associated biological effects in wastewater treatment processes

Currently, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) attempt to achieve the shifting from general pollution parameters control to reduction of organic micropollutants discharge. However, they have not been able to satisfy the increasing ecological safety needs. In this study, the removal of micropollutants was investigated, and the ecological safety was assessed for a local WWTP. Although the total concentration of 31 micropollutants detected was reduced by 83% using the traditional biological treatment processes, the results did not reflect chemicals that had poor removal efficiencies and low concentrations. Of the five categories of micropollutants, herbicides, insecticides, and bactericides were difficult to remove, pharmaceuticals and UV filters were effectively eliminated. The specific photosynthesis inhibition effect and non-specific bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater were detected and evaluated using hazardous concentration where 5% of aquatic organisms are affected. The photosynthesis inhibition effect from wastewater in the WWTP was negligible, even the untreated raw wastewater. However, the bioluminescence inhibition effect from wastewater which was defined as the priority biological effect, posed potential ecological risk. To decrease non-specific biological effects, especially of macromolecular dissolved organic matter, overall pollutant reduction strategy is necessary. Meanwhile, the ozonation process was used to further decrease the bioluminescence inhibition effects from the secondary effluent; ≥ 0.34 g O₃/g DOC of ozone dose was recommended for micropollutants elimination control and ecological safety.     

Fe-Al改性硅藻土的制备及其对土壤Cd污染固定化效果

为了提高硅藻土对土壤镉污染的原位固定化效果,采用羟基Fe-Al对硅藻土进行改性,通过土壤培养实验研究了Fe/Al摩尔比、OH/cation摩尔比、陈化时间、(Fe+Al)/硅藻土比、反应温度、老化时间对土壤镉污染固定化效果的影响,同时采用扫描电镜(SEM)和傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)分析了改性前后硅藻土理化特征的变化.结果表明,改性硅藻土最佳制备工艺条件为Fe/Al摩尔比1∶8、OH/cation摩尔比2.0~2.2、陈化时间2 d、(Fe+Al)/硅藻土比10 mmol·g-1、反应温度60℃、老化时间2 d.改性硅藻土显著降低了土壤中可交换态镉的含量,硅藻土改性前后对交换态Cd含量的降低率由11.83%提升到39.52%.SEM与FTIR分析表明,通过改性增加了硅藻土的比表面积和Si—O—H基团,并且羟基铁铝被成功置入硅藻壳体内部,形成了有效柱体,增大了孔道间距,增强了硅藻土的表面活性.因此,羟基铁铝改性能有效地促进硅藻土对土壤镉的固定效果.提供的改性方法和实验结果,为硅藻土固定土壤重金属提供了新的技术手段和理论依据.