渭河流域典型支流致洪临界面雨量确定——以千河流域为例

利用渭河典型支流千河流域千阳水文站控制区域20个气象站2006—2013年的小时降水以及同期水文站的流量和水位数据,基于泰森多边形法、三参数幂函数法、一元非线性回归模型以及概率分布模拟等方法确定了千河流域不同等级洪水发生时对应的面雨量阈值,同时也计算了不同重现期的致洪临界面雨量。研究表明:三参数幂函数模型对水位与流量的关系模拟精度较高,模型能够模拟典型年份发生的洪水;典型控制断面流量主要受前9 h累计降水影响;当汛期水位由901 m升高至超标准水位时,千阳水文站控制流域的致洪临界面雨量增加了将近50 mm,而相应的洪峰流量相差1418.51 m~3·s~(-1);对数皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布能够很好地模拟洪峰流量的概率分布;10—100年重现期下,控制断面水位增加高达2 m。     

西安市建筑施工扬尘排放的模型估算

作为我国大气污染治理重点区域汾渭平原的重点城市,西安正处于城市建设迅速发展阶段,建筑扬尘排放量大,极大地影响了西安的空气质量.本研究基于西安市建筑和市政施工工程的调查资料,结合两套由不同机构测量的我国北方典型城市排放因子,估算获得了西安市2017年建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的排放量及排放强度,构建了西安市区县级别建筑扬尘排放颗粒物清单,并分析其空间分布特征.结果表明:①引用中国环境科学研究院依据建筑扬尘产生类型测定的排放因子,估算获得2017年西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为6.8×10~4、1.4×10~4 t,其中,作业施工扬尘排放量占总排放量的74%,风蚀扬尘占26%;②引用北京市环境保护科学研究院构建的建筑扬尘季节性排放因子,估算西安市建筑施工扬尘PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)排放总量分别为10.8×10~4、2.2×10~4 t,建筑扬尘排放量存在着明显的季节差异,夏季、秋季、冬季的扬尘排放量明显低于春季,但冬季略高于夏季、秋季;③综合两套排放计算结果表明,估算的建筑扬尘排放量存在50%的差异,西安2017年建筑扬尘PM_(10)排放量约为6.8×10~4～10.8×10~4 t,PM_(2.5)排放量约为1.4×10~4～2.2×10~4 t;④空间分布上,主城区建筑施工扬尘排放量大,约占总排放量的72%;主城区建筑施工扬尘排放强度高,约为郊区县的29倍.     

再生水补给型城市景观水体中抗生素抗性基因的污染特征——以圆明园为例

由于抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic Resistance Genes,ARGs)对环境和人类健康存在潜在威胁而逐渐受到人们的重视,高人口密度城市中典型景观水体是ARGs储存库和传播媒介.本研究采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,研究了圆明园不同点位的ARGs污染情况和分布特征.结果表明:园区中ARGs的绝对丰度范围在n.d.(未检出)～1.08×10~9copies·L~(-1)之间;园区进水口目标ARGs的丰度低于末端,表明封闭的水体可能为ARGs的积累提供了理想培养基.在所检测基因中,磺胺类ARGs占主导,ARGs的绝对丰度依次为:sulIIsulImefAtetQtetMermB.磺胺类ARGs与指示微生物粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌间存在显著相关性,表明指示微生物在ARGs的传播中可能起着关键作用.     

Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and their association with bacterial communities in activated sludge of wastewater treatment plants: Geographical distribution and network analysis

Wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs) are deemed reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs). Bacterial phylogeny can shape the resistome in activated sludge. However, the co-occurrence and interaction of ARGs abundance and bacterial communities in different WWTPs located at continental scales are still not comprehensively understood. Here, we applied quantitative PCR and Miseq sequence approaches to unveil the changing profiles of ARGs(sul1, sul2, tet W, tet Q, tet X), int I1 gene, and bacterial communities in 18 geographically distributed WWTPs. The results showed that the average relative abundance of sul1 and sul2 genes were 2.08 × 10~(-1) and 1.32 × 10~(-1) copies/16 S rRNA copies, respectively. The abundance of tet W gene was positively correlated with the Shannon diversity index(H′), while both studied sul genes had significant positive relationship with the int I1 gene. The highest average relative abundances of sul1, sul2, tet X, and int I1 genes were found in south region and oxidation ditch system. Network analysis found that 16 bacterial genera co-occurred with tet W gene. Co-occurrence patterns were revealed distinct community interactions between aerobic/anoxic/aerobic and oxidation ditch systems. The redundancy analysis model plot of the bacterial community composition clearly demonstrated that the sludge samples were significant differences among those from the different geographical areas,and the shifts in bacterial community composition were correlated with ARGs. Together,these findings from the present study will highlight the potential risks of ARGs and bacterial populations carrying these ARGs, and enable the development of suitable technique to control the dissemination of ARGs from WWTPs into aquatic environments.     

菹草和伊乐藻对水-沉积物界面磷迁移转化的影响

冬季沉水植物普遍凋亡,死亡残体易造成湖泊二次污染.为探究冬季耐寒性沉水植物对水-沉积物界面各形态磷迁移转化的影响,选取根系特征不同的冬季耐寒性沉水植物菹草（Potamogeton crispus L.）和伊乐藻（Elodea nuttallii）作为研究对象,测定其冬季生长期间上覆水、间隙水和沉积物中各形态磷的含量,并监测环境因子的变化.结果表明:①菹草、伊乐藻组生长期间水-沉积物界面各形态磷含量总体呈下降趋势,并在一定时期维持较低水平,菹草对沉积物和间隙水磷的吸收效果优于伊乐藻,而伊乐藻对上覆水磷的影响大于菹草.②试验第30天后,菹草、伊乐藻组上覆水和间隙水各形态磷质量浓度均显著低于对照组（P < 0.05）,上覆水中ρ（TP）最低值分别为0.057和0.041 mg/L,间隙水中ρ（DTP）（DTP表示溶解性总磷）分别维持在0.270~0.505、0.384~0.507 mg/L之间.③试验结束时,菹草组沉积物中w（TP）、w（IP）（IP表示无机磷）和w（NaOH-P）（NaOH-P表示NaOH提取态磷）分别低至643.68、415.79和120.17 mg/kg,分别下降了16.54%、18.37%和35.82%,伊乐藻组分别低至700.39、457.87和145.29 mg/kg,分别下降了10.24%、11.17%和24.67%;菹草、伊乐藻植株体内TP质量分别增加了588.94和464.59 mg.研究显示,菹草、伊乐藻在生长期间均能有效吸收磷,同时改变了pH、E_h等环境因子,从而影响磷在水-沉积物界面的迁移及磷形态的转变.      

面向SDGs的城市扩张多情景模拟——以“一带一路”中亚区为例

在全球倡导可持续发展目标（SDGs）的背景下,城市作为人类活动的主要场所,既是SDGs的聚焦区域,更是世界各国落实SDGs的着力点。以“一带一路”沿线中亚五国首都城市区为例,面向SDGs设定发展情景和相应参数,采用Markov-FLUS模型模拟2030年自然发展、生态优先与经济优先情景下的城市发展格局,权衡SDGs与多情景城市格局演化规律,从空间视角协调城市的社会、生态与经济,提供城市发展的决策依据。结果表明：（1）2010—2015年来,研究区均出现建设用地总量增加、生态用地总量减少的现象。（2）未来情景模拟中均表现出由建设用地扩张引致的生态用地破碎化;生态优先情景有效抑制了建设用地扩张;经济优先情景下转化为裸地的土地有所减少,建设用地出现连片扩张。（3）未来城市发展应协调生态保护与经济发展,将生态保护理念融入城市建设,实现国家政策推动土地资源可持续利用,促进实现2030年全球可持续发展目标。     

Source apportionment of VOCs in a typical medium-sized city in North China Plain and implications on control policy

Characteristics of atmospheric VOCs (volatile organic compounds) have been extensively studied in megacities in China, however, they are scarcely investigated in medium/small-sized cities in North China Plain (NCP). A comprehensive research on possible sources of VOCs was conducted in a medium-sized city of NCP, from May to September 2019. A total of 143 canister samples of 8 sites in Xuchang city were collected, and 57 VOC species were detected. The average VOC concentrations were 42.6 ± 31.6 μg/m³, with 53.7 ± 31.0 μg/m³ and 32.1 ± 27. 8 μg/m³, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. Alkenes and aromatics contributed 80% of the total ozone formation potential (OFP). Aromatics accounted for more than 95% of secondary organic aerosol potential (SOAP). VOCs were dominated by the local emission with significant transport from the southeast direction. PMF analysis extracted 6 sources, which were combustion (33.1%), LPG usage (19.3%), vehicular exhaust & fuel evaporation (15.8%), solvent usage (15.2%), industrial (9.11%) and biogenic (7.51%), respectively and they contributed 33.4%, 17.6%, 12.9%, 18.6%, 9.28% and 8.22% to the OFP, respectively. Combustion and LPG usage were the dominant VOC sources; and combustion, solvent usage and LPG usage were the main sources of OFP in Xuchang city, which were different to megacities in China with a high contribution from vehicular exhaust, solvent usage and industry, suggesting specific control strategies on VOCs need to be implemented in medium-sized city such as Xuchang city.     

Bamboo charcoal enhances cellulase and urease activities during chicken manure composting: Roles of the bacterial community and metabolic functions

Microbial enzymes are crucial for material biotransformation during the composting process. In this study, we investigated the effects of adding bamboo charcoal (BC) (i.e., at 5%, 10%, and 20% corresponding to BC5, BC10, and BC20, respectively) on the enzyme activity levels during chicken manure composting. The results showed that BC10 could increase the cellulose and urease activities by 56% and 96%, respectively. The bacterial community structure in BC10 differed from those in the other treatments, and Luteivirga, Lactobacillus, Paenalcaligenes, Ulvibacter, Bacillus, Facklamia, Pelagibacterium, Sporosarcina, Cellvibrio, and Corynebacterium had the most important roles in composting. Compared with other treatments, BC10 significantly enhanced the average rates of degradation of carbohydrates (D-xylose (40%) and α-D-lactose (44%)) and amino acids (L-arginine (16%), L-asparagine (14%), and L-threonine (52%)). We also explored the associations among the bacterial community and their metabolic functions with the changes in the activities of enzymes. Network analysis demonstrated that BC10 altered the co-occurrence patterns of the bacterial communities, where Ulvibacter and class Bacilli were the keystone bacterial taxa with high capacities for degrading carbon source, and they were related to increases in the activities of cellulase and urease, respectively. The results obtained in this study may help to further enhance the efficiency of composting.     

基于遗传算法的EMI滤波器自动进化设计

将遗传算法和电路进化设计应用于电源EMI滤波器的优化设计。针对EMI滤波器设计所需满足的各种限制条件,综合考虑滤波器插入损耗、阻抗失配、EMC标准等因素,确定设计优化准则,选择进化算法优选适合的电路拓扑,用遗传算法确定元件参数,实现滤波器自动设计。对遗传算法存在的“早熟”现象提出改进措施。实验验证了该优化设计结果能有效抑制EMI噪声,具有实用意义。     

一次对流过程对气溶胶清除和再生过程的影响

利用中尺度天气预报和研究模式(WRF)对2007年4月23～24日广东省发生的一次飑线过程进行了模拟,研究了水凝物粒子对气溶胶的清除过程、液滴蒸发引起的气溶胶再生过程以及动力输送作用对气溶胶数浓度的影响.结果表明,降水与近地层气溶胶数浓度的变化呈负相关关系.综合对比各水凝物种类的碰撞清除率和核化清除率,发现云滴核化过程...