Mercury distribution,speciation and potential ecological risk assessment in sediments from Lake Taihu,China

Abstract

Twenty-one surface sediments collected from seven surroundings areas of Lake Taihu in two different years were analyzed for total mercury (THg) concentrations, physicochemical characteristics and speciation using a sequential extraction method to assess spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological risk. Surface sediments from Lake Taihu contained elevated levels of Hg in two sampling years with THg levels ranging from 77 to 346?ng/g (mean 145?ng/g) in October 2010 and ranging from 122 to 573?ng/g (mean 266?ng/g) in November 2012, respectively. The mean THg concentrations in all studied surface sediments exhibited an increasing trend over time. The oxidizable fraction (F3) and residual fraction (F4) were the predominant Hg species in sediments, while more mobile Hg phases of acid-soluble fraction (F1) and reducible fraction (F2) made up less than 0.5% THg. Significant relationships were found between total organic carbon (TOC) and THg and geochemical speciation indicating an important role for organic matter in affecting distribution, mobility, and bioavailability of Hg in sediments. As evidenced by Hakanson’s potential risk index the total ecological risk of Hg was low in the entire Lake Taihu in 2010 but considered moderate in Zhushan Bay, West Coast, and Meiliang Bay in 2012. These findings provide conservation managers with information needed to more effectively regulate the environment of Lake Taihu.     

Abiotic association of phthalic acid esters with humic acid of a sludge landfill

The abiotic association between phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and humic substances (HS) in sludge landfill plays an important role in the fate and stability of PAEs. An equilibrium dialysis combined with ¹⁴C-labeling was used to study the abiotic association of two abundant PAEs (diethyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate) with humic acid (HA) isolated from a sludge landfill with different stabilization times and different molecular weights. Elemental analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) suggested that high K _A value of HA was related to the high aromatic content and large molecular weight of HA. The results indicated that the association strength of PAEs with HA depended on both the properties of the PAEs and the characteristics of HA. The K _A values of the association were strongly dependent on solution pH, and decreased dramatically as the pH was increased from 3.0 to 9.0. The results suggested that nonspecific hydrophobic interaction between PAEs and HA was the main contributor to the association of the PAEs with HA. The interactive hydrogen-bonds between the HA and the PAEs molecules may also be involved in the association.     

黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶学特性

采用DNS法研究了我国广泛分布的一种低等木食性白蚁——黑胸散白蚁纤维素酶的体外酶活特性以了解其纤维素降解机制.结果表明,内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶(EG)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)这3种酶的最佳反应时间均为15 min,最佳底物浓度为1%,最适反应pH为5.6,最适反应温度为35℃.在最适反应条件下,EG、CBH和BG的活性分别达到71.3(±13.9)U/mg、5.8(±0.8)U/mg和4.1(±0.7)U/mg.EG在体外的热稳定性较差,在50℃及更高温度酶活很低或完全失活,但该酶对pH稳定性较好,在pH 3.2～8.0范围内酶活力变化不大.Native-PAGE电泳检测到该白蚁体内至少有8种不同的EG活性条带,肠道不同部位纤维素酶活性条带种类不同.这些研究表明,木食性白蚁降解纤维素是一个复杂的过程,需要多种纤维素酶的共同作用.     

深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

矿山井下环境质量监测

结合井下空间环境质量和监测的现状,从国家矿山井下安全避险"六大系统"的规定出发,针对矿山井巷系统及井巷环境特点,对CO气体、风速的监测以及环境监测网络所存在的困难进行了分析,在此基础上给出了井下环境监测传感器选择及应用注意事项,井下环境监测构建的形式及发展方向。     

火灾烟气危害定量评价模型THVCH及其应用

为更加准确地评价实际火灾烟气的危害性,针对以往烟气毒性定量评价方法N-GAS和FED模型的不足,提出了一种新的火灾烟气危害性定量评价模型THVCH(Toxicity,Heat and Visibility Comprehensive Harmfulness)。实际火灾烟气的危害包括烟气毒性和烟气高温辐射。两者都具有时间累积效应,人员在火灾环境中的暴露时间越长,所受到的伤害越大。烟气的遮光性是影响火场中人员暴露时间的重要因素,低能见度下人员疏散所需要的时间是高能见度的3.8倍。THVCH模型在考虑烟气毒性的同时兼顾了能见度对人员暴露时间的影响以及高温辐射对人体的伤害。以重庆开县5.5火灾为工程背景,运用大涡模拟技术对其火灾过程进行数值重构。在此技术上采用N-GAS、FED和THVCH模型对不同阶段的火灾危害性进行了评价,证明了火灾烟气危害评价中考虑能见度和高温辐射的必要性。     

泡沫材料在狭缝空间垂直火蔓延的数值模拟

保温材料的火蔓延特性对建筑防火有重要意义,而其在狭缝等特殊空间结构中的燃烧特性还缺乏深入研究.本文采用CFD模拟技术和并行计算手段对狭缝空间中泡沫材料的竖直火蔓延特性进行了分析研究.计算发现在狭缝宽度为5 -6 cm时,由于侧向补风增强,导致狭缝内存在规则的大尺度涡旋结构.涡旋将火焰向两侧拉扯,而且涡旋强度可以增强狭缝内火蔓延速度.相对开放空间的情况,在狭缝空间中泡沫材料的火焰高度随线热释放速率强度的增加较慢,并且存在最小热释放速率强度.当热释放速率强度小于一定值时,火焰将会熄灭.     

褐菖鲇肝HSC70基因的环介导等温扩增技术的建立及在石油污染剂量效应研究中的应用

从褐菖鲉肝脏中克隆了热休克蛋白HSC70基因,利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)建立HSC70基因的定量检测方法.为检测该方法的可行性,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于石油水溶性成分(water-soluble fraction,WSF) 20、60、180 μg·L-11d后,利用real-time PCR及LAMP技术同时测定褐菖鲉肝HSC70 mRNA表达量,两种方法测定结果基本一致,证实LAMP技术可用于褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因的定量.为更细致了解石油WSF影响褐菖鲉肝脏HSC70基因表达的剂量-效应关系,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于25、50、75、100、125、150、175 μg·L-1 WSF中,5d后采样,用LAMP技术定量检测HSC70 mRNA.结果表明,HSC70 mRNA表达量在50 μg· L-1浓度组即被显著诱导,在75μg·L-1浓度下达到最大值,这说明褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因对石油污染较敏感,有潜力作为海洋石油污染的生物标志物.     

PM2.5个人防护用品现状与发展趋势

以PM2.5为主要危害的雾霾污染在我国愈演愈烈,民众对相应的个人呼吸防护用品也越来越重视。PM2.5防护用品现已成为日常消费品之一。本文从PM2.5个人防护用品的防护原理、产品类别特点、检测检验标准方法等方面进行综述,总结现有防护用品的质量技术水平及存在的问题,提出未来发展的重点和方向,以求推动我国民众对PM2.5防护认识和防护能力的提高。     

甘南尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤特征和水源涵养功能的变化

由于气候变化、过度放牧、沟蚀及修路等人为影响,尕海泥炭沼泽地出现退化现象。为了查明尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤性质和水源涵养功能的变化趋势,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,对该区域4 种不同退化阶段泥炭沼泽地土壤性质和水源涵养功能进行了调查研究。结果表明： 随着尕海泥炭沼泽地退化程度的加剧,0~40 cm层土壤平均容重逐渐增大,总孔隙度逐渐减小,且容重和孔隙度在土壤剖面自然分布规律发生变化;土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和水解氮含量呈逐渐降低趋势,铵态氮呈增大趋势,全磷、全钾无明显变化规律,但均沿土壤剖面分布呈波动性变化;土壤自然含水量、最小蓄水量和毛管蓄水量均为未退化最大,中度退化最小;方差分析结果表明不同退化阶段泥炭沼泽地土壤容重、总孔隙度、有机质、氨态氮及其土壤蓄水性能均存在显著差异。土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量与有机质之间存在显著正相关,并受植被盖度和泥炭层厚度的影响。研究结果表明地下水位、植被盖度、土壤有机质含量及泥炭层厚度的下降是导致尕海泥炭沼泽地退化过程土壤性质和水源涵养功能变化的主要原因。