苯酚和吡啶在竹质活性炭上的吸附研究

以焦化废水中的代表性污染物苯酚和吡啶为吸附质,以颗粒竹质活性炭为吸附剂,考察了苯酚和吡啶在竹质活性炭上的吸附性能以及两种化合物之间的竞争吸附关系.结果发现:竹质活性炭对苯酚的吸附较符合Langmuir等温式,对吡啶的吸附较符合Freundlich等温式,苯酚和吡啶的最大吸附量分别为122.0 mg/g和344.8 mg/g.该竹质活性炭对苯酚和吡啶的吸附符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附均在4.0 h时达到平衡,当两种化合物共存于溶液中时,其吸附动力学过程和吸附平衡时间未受影响,但竞争吸附导致苯酚和吡啶的平衡吸附量分别下降了10.4%和20.8%.     

纳米FeO作用下4-氯酚的脱氯特性及机理

采用化学还原法制备了纳米Fe^O, ESEM测定结果表明其颗粒在1～100 nm内. 实验表明这些纳米Fe^O能在20 h内将初始浓度为20 mg/L的4-氯酚完全降解, Fe^O对4-CP的还原脱氯是主要去除途径. 苯酚是脱氯反应的主要产物. 当4-CP的初始浓度由20　mg/L增大到50, 100, 150　mg/L时, 其相对去除率明显降低, 但绝对降解量有较大提高. 温度不仅影响脱氯速率, 而且影响4-CP去除的途径. 30℃时, 脱氯反应为主要反应; １０℃时, 较易产生氧化产物. Fe原子的迁移过程在4-CP的降解中也是一个重要的限速步骤. 此外, 纳米Fe^O具有很好的稳定性, 在受试的379　h内, 纳米Fe^O能够应对不同浓度冲击及反复投加的4-氯酚冲击的能力.     

聚苯胺/电气石电极对微生物燃料电池的影响

文章以电气石和聚苯胺为材料,利用电化学方法来修饰石墨电极。其中以石墨电极、聚苯胺修饰的石墨电极和聚苯胺、电气石共同修饰的石墨电极作对照实验,分别为微生物燃料电池反应器1、2和3的生物阴极材料。生物阴极型微生物燃料电池是以微生物作为阴极的催化剂,微生物催化剂相比贵金属它不仅降低了微生物燃料电池应用的成本,而且还可以保持高的催化性能。因此,寻找一种高电导率、高生物适应性以及能够加强生物催化性能的电极材料对微生物燃料电池的发展有很大的影响。当反应器外电路电阻控制在800Ω时,反应器1、2和3的最大输出电压稳定在(0.20±0.005)、(0.26±0.005)和(0.37±0.005)V,同时反应器1、2和3的最大功率密度分别为54、138和266 m W/m2。而循环伏安曲线的结果也表明聚苯胺、电气石修饰的电极材料催化性能优于其余2种电极材料。因此说明电气石适合作为修饰生物阴极的材料。     

基于污染物平衡分析的污水厂尾水补水城市内湖的优化运行研究——以昆明翠湖为例

针对污水厂尾水补水的城市内湖污染调控问题,提出了基于水量和污染物收支平衡分析的污染物净积累(NPA)模型,建立了污染物输入和输出量化计算方法.最后,以昆明翠湖为案例,在调查水体污染物输入和输出途径及水体自净量计算的基础上,选择COD、TN和TP为代表性污染物,开展了模型和计算方法的应用.结果表明,尾水补水是污染物输入的最主要途径,排水和渗漏是污染物输出的两个主要途径,COD在水体中的净积累程度较低,TN和TP的净积累比例分别达到42.9%和39.0%.以此为基础,本文提出了以调整补水和用水途径为主要手段的水体优化运行方案,并对方案实施后的预期效果进行了分析验证.本研究可为城市景观水体的污染物积累分析提供新方法和典型案例.     

厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌在岸边带土壤中的分布规律

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化(nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation,n-damo)的发现打破了人们长久以来对生物氮、碳循环的传统认识.厌氧氨氧化细菌(anammox bacteria)和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌(n-damo bacteria)在水生态系统均有分布,并且在全球氮、碳循环中发挥重要作用.但它们在岸边带土壤中的存在和分布还不甚清楚.因此,本文对湖泊岸边带土壤中厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌的存在和分布进行了研究.基于厌氧氨氧化细菌hzs B基因(联氨合成酶关键基因)和M.oxyfera-like细菌16S rRNA基因的序列分析,分别证明了厌氧氨氧化细菌和M.oxyfera-like细菌在白洋淀湖泊岸边带深层土壤中的共同存在.厌氧氨氧化细菌hzs B基因定量PCR结果显示,其主要分布在地下水位附近及以下部分(40~100 cm),而在表层(0~40 cm)土壤中未被检测到.M.oxyfera-like细菌16S rRNA基因定量PCR结果显示,不同深度的土壤均有M.oxyfera-like细菌分布,并且其丰度随着土壤深度的增加而递增.这些结果说明厌氧氨氧化细菌和M.oxyfera-like细菌在湖泊岸边带深层土壤中共同存在,并且有不同的分布规律.     

淀山湖浮游植物数量消长及其与环境因子的关系

根据2004年1月～2006年12月逐月测得的淀山湖浮游植物数量,以及水温、风力、透明度、氮磷营养盐、高锰酸盐指数等环境数据,运用Pearson相关分析和典范对应分析（CCA）对淀山湖浮游植物数量消长与环境因子的关系进行了探讨,以期为有效防治淀山湖藻类水华提供科学依据.相关分析表明,在已处于中-富营养及以上水平的淀山湖...     

Comparison of conventional and inverted A2/O processes: Phosphorus release and uptake behaviors

Two full-scale systems operated in parallel, a conventional A²/O system consisting of anaerobic, anoxic and oxic compartments in succession and an inverted system consisting of anoxic, anaerobic and oxic compartments without internal recycle, were compared in terms of their phosphorus removal performance, with an emphasis on phosphate (P) release behaviors, using both operational data and simulation results. The inverted system exhibited better long-term phosphorus removal performance (0.2 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.7 mg/L), which should be attributed to the higher P release rate (0.79 vs. 0.60 kg P/(kg MLSS·day)) in the non-aerated compartments. The P release occurred in both the anoxic and anaerobic compartments of the inverted system, resulting in more efficient P release. Although the abundances of the ‘Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis' population in the two systems were quite similar ((19.1 ± 3.27)% and (18.4 ± 4.15)% of the total microbe (DAPI stained particles) population in the inverted and conventional systems, respectively, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)), the high-concentration DAPI staining results show that the abundances of the whole polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the aerobic ends were quite different (the average ratios of the poly-P granules to total microbes (DAPI stained particles) were (45 ± 4.18)% and (35 ± 5.39)%, respectively). Both the operational data and simulation results showed that the inverted system retained more abundant PAO populations due to its special configuration, which permitted efficient P release in the non-aerated compartment and better P removal.     

中部地区省会城市雾霾污染变化特征研究及因素分解

为了分析中部省会城市大气污染的异同性及影响因素,基于中部省会城市的空气质量监测数据,以AQI为代表指标对中部地区雾霾污染城市间异同性及分布特征进行识别,并在STIRPAT模型基础上构建空气污染影响因素模型,借助固定效应模型及2SLS进行回归分析。结果表明:1)中部省会城市在多年经济的推动下,已逐渐呈现春秋适中,夏冬偏高的污染发展趋势,且经济增长与空气质量呈现倒U形趋势;2)五省省会城市除南昌外,其余四省省会空气污染表现出相似特征,尤以南京、合肥、武汉为甚,其显著性差异值达到0.964、0.879、0.915;3)中部地区跨区域雾霾污染在协同控制时,需要着重关注城市人口的变化趋势、新增建筑面积、工业排放的总量控制等方面,并将其纳入到雾霾污染协同控制体系之中。     

Removal of virus aerosols by the combination of filtration and UV-C irradiation

● The removal of virus aerosols by filtration and UV-C irradiation was proposed. ● The filtration efficiency for virus aerosols was affected by the filtration rate. ● The inactivation rate by UV-C was not linear with irradiation intensity or time. ● The virus trapped by filter material had a shielding effect on UV-C irradiation. The COVID-19 pandemic remains ever prevalent and afflicting—partially because one of its transmission pathways is aerosol. With the widely used central air conditioning systems worldwide, indoor virus aerosols can rapidly migrate, thus resulting in rapid infection transmission. It is therefore important to install microbial aerosol treatment units in the air conditioning systems, and we herein investigated the possibility of combining such filtration with UV irradiation to address virus aerosols. Results showed that the removal efficiency of filtration towards f2 and MS2 phages depended on the type of commercial filter material and the filtration speed, with an optimal velocity of 5 cm/s for virus removal. Additionally, it was found that UV irradiation had a significant effect on inactivating viruses enriched on the surfaces of filter materials; MS2 phages had greater resistance to UV-C irradiation than f2 phages. The optimal inactivation time for UV-C irradiation was 30 min, with higher irradiation times presenting no substantial increase in inactivation rate. Moreover, excessive virus enrichment on the filters decreased the inactivation effect. Timely inactivation is therefore recommended. In general, the combined system involving filtration with UV-C irradiation demonstrated a significant removal effect on virus aerosols. Moreover, the system is simple and economical, making it convenient for widespread implementation in air-conditioning systems.