基于对数模糊优先规划法的火灾风险评估

随着城市化进程的推进,每年都有大量的火灾事故发生,造成大量的人员伤亡和财产损失,为了避免事故发生或者减少伤亡损失,火灾风险评估是一种有效的方法之一。基于层次分析法,提出了对数模糊优先规划法进行火灾风险评估。首先以地下车库火灾风险评估为例,参考相关文献和专家意见,建立了地下车库火灾风险评价指标体系;然后利用对数模糊优先规划法计算各个评价指标的权重,然后根据专家打分获得评语集,结果所计算的权重集,可以得到地下车库的火灾风险评估结果为"良好"。最后,进行讨论了火灾风险评估的方法的有效性,并与层次分析法对比,对数模糊优先规划法可以使得决策者更加自信和舒适,并且决策结果更加合理。     

Remediation mechanisms of mercapto-grafted palygorskite for cadmium pollutant in paddy soil

The immobilization agent was the key factor that determined the success of remediation of heavy metal polluted soil. In this study, mercapto-grafted palygorskite (MP) as a novel and efficient immobilization agent was utilized for the remediation of Cd-polluted paddy soil in pot trials, and the remediation mechanisms were investigated in the aspect of soil chemistry and plant physiology with different rice cultivars as model plants. Mercapto-grafted palygorskite at applied doses of 0.1–0.3% could reduce Cd contents of brown rice and straws of different cultivars significantly. Both reduced DTPA-extractable Cd contents in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil and decreasing Cd contents in iron plaques on rice root surfaces confirmed that MP was an efficient immobilization agent for Cd pollutant in paddy soil. In the aspect of soil chemistry, the pH values of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils had no statistical changes in the MP treatment groups, but their zeta potentials decreased obviously, indicating that MP could enhance the fixation or sorption of Cd on soil compositions. In the aspect of antioxidant system, MP could increase POD activity of rice roots significantly to alleviate the stress of Cd to roots, and resulted in the decrease of T-AOC, SOD, and CAT activities of rice roots of the selected cultivars. MP had no inhabitation or enhancement effects on TSH of rice roots but enhance the contents of MTs and NPT to binding Cd to complete detoxification process. MP as a novel and efficient immobilization agent could complete the remediation effects through soil chemistry and plant physiological mechanisms.

     

基于大数据分析的配电网停电数据管理平台

针对当前配电网停电数据管理存在的问题,结合配电网停电数据管理需求,提出一种基于大数据分析技术的配电网停电数据管理平台的实现方法。应用结果表明:基于大数据分析的配电网停电数据管理平台实现了对停电故障的预警、告警和原因分析,可对监测范围内停电信息进行全局检索和综合展现,为停电故障的治理提供有力的数据支撑。     

Nanomaterials for water pollution monitoring and remediation

Water shortage and pollution are serious challenges for many countries. Nanomaterials are promising new tools for water quality management due to unique physicochemical properties, high economic benefit, high removal efficiency and environmental friendliness. Here we describe four types of nanomaterials used for water treatment: nanofiltration membranes, photocatalytic nanomaterials, adsorption nanomaterials and reducing nanomaterials. We discuss their properties, applications and mechanisms for pollutant removal. We also review nanomaterials used for water quality monitoring, notably nanomaterials used for the detection of trace pollutants and pathogens. These nanomaterials include carbon nanotubes, magnetic nanoparticles, noble metal nanomaterials and quantum dots.     

荷兰生活垃圾分类管理经验及启示

通过对荷兰生活垃圾分类管理和经验做法的介绍,分析荷兰居民生活垃圾源头减量的措施,以及对我国开展垃圾分类减量及减量管理工作的启示.     

二恶英类物质检测分析技术进展

介绍了同位素稀释气相色谱质谱联用和生物快速检测法测定二恶英类化合物的技术进展,概述了国际通用的二恶英类标准分析方法体系,提出了各方法的适用范围,综述了我国二恶英类化合物分析研究现状并对我国二恶英分析检测提出了建议。     

珠三角地区大气中HCFC-22的浓度观测和变化趋势初步研究

通过罐采样和预浓缩-色谱/质谱方法,对珠三角地区广州城区和鼎湖山大气中HCFC-22进行了初步的观测和分析.结果表明,2005年广州城区HCFC-22年平均体积分数达到(479.5±241.4)×10-12,鼎湖山仅为(244.4±51.3)×10-12.广州城区大气HCFC-22日变化幅度夏秋季节相对较大,而鼎湖山日变化不明显;广州城区大气HCFC-22的体积分数夏秋季节高于冬春季节,鼎湖山则相反.与城区HCFC-22排放的季节性有关,夏秋季节广州城区与鼎湖山HCFC-22体积分数差别很大,冬春季节则比较接近.初步研究结果表明,广州城区和鼎湖山大气HCFC-22的体积分数呈现快速增长趋势,年增长率分别达到6.57%和7.28%,约为一些全球基准观测站(NOAA/CMDL)的1.9～2.8倍.     

内蒙古土地盐渍化典型区域动态监测研究

对内蒙古的巴盟河套、中西部草原区和科尔沁沙地土地盐渍化 1 987至 1 997年 1 0年间的动态变化趋势进行监测。结果表明 :巴盟河套地区盐渍化呈上升趋势 ;中西部草原区盐渍化呈下降趋势 ;科尔沁沙地土地盐渍化现象日趋严重。     

Changes in labile soil organic matter fractions following land use change from monocropping to poplar-based agroforestry systems in a semiarid region of Northeast China

Labile fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) respond rapidly to land management practices and can be used as a sensitive indicator of changes in SOM. However, there is little information about the effect of agroforestry practices on labile SOM fractions in semiarid regions of China. In order to test the effects of land use change from monocropping to agroforestry systems on labile SOM fractions, we investigated soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and N, particulate organic matter C (POMC) and N (POMN), as well as total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) in the 0- to 15-cm and the 15- to 30-cm layers in 4-year-old poplar-based agroforestry systems and adjoining monocropping systems with two different soil textures (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) in a semiarid region of Northeast China. Our results showed that poplar-based agroforestry practices affected soil MBC, POMC, and POMN, albeit there was no significant difference in TOC and TN. Agroforestry practices increased MBC, POMC, and POMN in sandy clay loam soils. However, in sandy loam soils, agroforestry practices only increased MBC and even decreased POMC and POMN at the 0- to 15-cm layer. Our results suggest that labile SOM fractions respond sensitively to poplar-based agroforestry practices and can provide early information about the changes in SOM in semiarid regions of Northeast China and highlight that the effects of agroforestry practices on labile SOM fractions vary with soil texture.     

京津冀及周边地区空气质量预报工作存在问题及解决对策

环境空气质量预报工作作为担负重污染预警应急和大气污染防控不可或缺的基础工作,正逐步成为环保部门核心业务之一。基于近3年京津冀及周边地区省、市环境空气质量预报工作开展现状,针对预报工作中遇到的人员短缺、能力建设进度缓慢、预报资料匮乏等现实问题,从政策制度和预报技术2方面分析原因,提出需要从制度建设着手,通过建立健全预报工作保障制度、评价制度、考核制度和培训制度,完善地区预报能力建设和预报水平,同时为全国其他区域省、市空气质量预报工作的开展提供参考与借鉴。