藻细胞在固体表面附着特性的初步研究

针对平板式光生物反应器,以补充有碳源的SE(Brostol's solution)培养基作为普通小球藻生长的水环境,研究了载体表面粗糙度、藻细胞接种量、培养液pH值和液体流量对小球藻细胞在固体基质表面吸附特性的影响.结果表明:藻细胞在各载体表面的吸附密度均随时间进行呈现先快速增大再逐渐趋于平缓的变化趋势;在实验条件下,随载体表面粗糙度和藻液中藻细胞接种量增大,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附率均增大,吸附密度也增大;当藻液pH值为6左右时,小球藻在载体表面的吸附密度达到最大;液体流量为0.65 mL·min-1时,载体表面对小球藻细胞的吸附能力最强.各参数对藻细胞吸附密度影响的重要程度依次为藻细胞接种量、培养基pH值、液体流量.     

Hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates

The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates （AASs） were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity （RH） ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors （GFs） for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of （NH4）2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.     

基于化学反应动力学机理的中等尺寸甲烷湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过代码修改,在大涡模拟(LES)中嵌入气相化学反应速率、组分热力学性质和输运特性三大机理文件,严格意义上实现甲烷燃烧的四步简化机理与火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)的成功对接。燃烧模型采用针对多组分燃料的涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,模拟0.3m直径的甲烷湍流扩散火焰,并分别与基于无限快反应速率的总包单步和两步化学反应预测结果对比。分析预测结果可知:四步机理能够很好的适应FDS框架,其模拟结果具有可靠性,时均温度、速度和主要反应物的预测结果高度一致;机理导入后可以预测CO2、H2O以及中间产物CO和H2的浓度,更合理地描述了火灾中气相产物的产生与输运过程。不同反应机制下主产物CO2和H2O浓度对比结果理想,在高温反应区内存在一定的差异,在高温反应区外呈现出高度的一致性。     

Driver Behavior During Overtaking Maneuvers from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study

Objective: Lane changes with the intention to overtake the vehicle in front are especially challenging scenarios for forward collision warning (FCW) designs. These overtaking maneuvers can occur at high relative vehicle speeds and often involve no brake and/or turn signal application. Therefore, overtaking presents the potential of erroneously triggering the FCW. A better understanding of driver behavior during lane change events can improve designs of this human–machine interface and increase driver acceptance of FCW. The objective of this study was to aid FCW design by characterizing driver behavior during lane change events using naturalistic driving study data.

Methods: The analysis was based on data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study, collected by the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute. The 100-Car study contains approximately 1.2 million vehicle miles of driving and 43,000 h of data collected from 108 primary drivers. In order to identify overtaking maneuvers from a large sample of driving data, an algorithm to automatically identify overtaking events was developed. The lead vehicle and minimum time to collision (TTC) at the start of lane change events was identified using radar processing techniques developed in a previous study. The lane change identification algorithm was validated against video analysis, which manually identified 1,425 lane change events from approximately 126 full trips.

Results: Forty-five drivers with valid time series data were selected from the 100-Car study. From the sample of drivers, our algorithm identified 326,238 lane change events. A total of 90,639 lane change events were found to involve a closing lead vehicle. Lane change events were evenly distributed between left side and right side lane changes. The characterization of lane change frequency and minimum TTC was divided into 10 mph speed bins for vehicle travel speeds between 10 and 90 mph. For all lane change events with a closing lead vehicle, the results showed that drivers change lanes most frequently in the 40–50 mph speed range. Minimum TTC was found to increase with travel speed. The variability in minimum TTC between drivers also increased with travel speed.

Conclusions: This study developed and validated an algorithm to detect lane change events in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study and characterized lane change events in the database. The characterization of driver behavior in lane change events showed that driver lane change frequency and minimum TTC vary with travel speed. The characterization of overtaking maneuvers from this study will aid in improving the overall effectiveness of FCW systems by providing active safety system designers with further understanding of driver action in overtaking maneuvers, thereby increasing system warning accuracy, reducing erroneous warnings, and improving driver acceptance.     

ZrO_2晶相对锰铈系SCR催化剂脱硝活性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了以nm级c-Zr O2(立方相Zr O2)、t-Zr O2(四方相Zr O2)和m-Zr O2(单斜相Zr O2)为载体的负载型Mn Ox-Ce O2/Zr O2催化剂,并在连续流动固定床反应器上考察了催化剂的NH3-SCR低温脱硝性能.结果表明,催化剂脱硝性能良好,当Mn Ox负载量(以w计)为15.0%时,以c-Zr O2为载体的催化剂脱硝效率在103℃即可达到100%.在相同活性组分负载量和反应温度条件下,各催化剂的低温脱硝活性体现出Mn Ox-Ce O2/c-Zr O2Mn Ox-Ce O2/t-Zr O2Mn Ox-Ce O2/m-Zr O2的规律,因此对Mn Ox负载量为5.0%的Mn Ox-Ce O2/Zr O2系列催化剂进行进一步表征,以探究该规律的内在影响因素.BET测试结果表明,以c-Zr O2为载体的催化剂的比表面积最大,达到39.67 m2/g,更有利于气体和催化剂表面活性位的接触.XPS测试结果表明,以c-Zr O2为载体的催化剂表面晶格氧含量最丰富,有助于Lewis酸性位的形成.TPR和TPD测试图谱中的峰强及峰面积表明,以c-Zr O2和t-Zr O2为载体的催化剂表面主要存在Lewis酸性位;而在以m-Zr O2为载体的催化剂表面,Lewis酸性位较多,同时还存在少量的Brnsted酸性位.研究显示,Zr O2晶型结构变化引起Mn Ox-Ce O2/Zr O2催化剂的比表面积、表面活性酸性位的不同是产生晶型效应的原因所在;采用Zr O2作为负载型低温SCR催化剂载体时,以立方相晶型结构为最佳.     

Emission of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) during the aerobic decomposition of orange wastes

Oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs) emitted from orange wastes during aerobic decomposition were investigated in a laboratory-controlled incubator for a period of two months. Emission of total OVOCs(TOVOCs) from orange wastes reached 1714 mg/dry kg(330 mg/wet kg). Ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, 2-butanone and acetaldehyde were the most abundant OVOC species with shares of 26.9%, 24.8%, 20.3%, 13.9%, 2.8%and 2.5%, respectively, in the TOVOCs released. The emission fluxes of the above top five OVOCs were quite trivial in the beginning but increased sharply to form one "peak emission window" with maximums at days 1–8 until leveling off after 10 days. This type of "peak emission window" was synchronized with the CO2 fluxes and incubation temperature of the orange wastes, indicating that released OVOCs were mainly derived from secondary metabolites of orange substrates through biotic processes rather than abiotic processes or primary volatilization of the inherent pool in oranges. Acetaldehyde instead had emission fluxes decreasing sharply from its initial maximum to nearly zero in about four days,suggesting that it was inherent rather than secondarily formed. For TOVOCs or all OVOC species except 2-butanone and acetone, over 80% of their emissions occurred during the first week, implying that organic wastes might give off a considerable amount of OVOCs during the early disposal period under aerobic conditions.     

电子产品的高加速寿命试验

电子产品的使用者希望产品在工作寿命内尽可能少发生甚至不发生故障。制造者为了确保电子产品的可靠性,必须针对产品作一系列的可靠性试验。介绍了HALT试验的目的、优点及发展现状,通过实际的HALT试验阐述了试验剖而设计及被试验产品工作极限的确定方法,并给出试验结论,为同类产品的可靠性设计提供了依据。     

反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺特性

本实验通过建立一套两级串联UASB反应器研究油田集输系统及高含盐量废水中反硝化抑制硫酸盐还原的工艺处理特性,并在工艺稳定运行后对形成的颗粒污泥性状及微生物特性进行研究.结果表明,添加Na NO2可促使反应体系中反硝化细菌(denitrifying bacteria,DNB)数量由7.0×103CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)增加至7.3×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)并保持稳定,DNB对硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria,SRB)的竞争抑制作用导致SRB数量由8.0×105CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)减少,稳定至7.6×104CFU·(100 m L)~(-1),同时,硫酸盐还原过程被抑制,硫离子的抑制率不断增加,最终稳定至82%.生物量与亚硝酸盐的质量比为1 200时,反应体系对S2-的抑制率最高,达到92%,可实现较好的硫酸盐还原过程抑制效果;该工艺对其抑制率可保持在92%左右,具有较好的稳定性.形成的反硝化颗粒污泥为棕褐色,基本为椭球形和球形,表面光滑且密实.反硝化抑制前,颗粒污泥的粒径多分布于1.0~1.4 mm,平均粒径为1.17 mm,经反硝化抑制后,粒径多分布在1.2~1.6 mm,平均粒径为1.21 mm,反硝化抑制过程促进污泥粒径的小幅增加;形成的反硝化颗粒污泥平均沉速为47.6 m·h~(-1),沉降性能较好.PCR-DGGE分析结果表明,反硝化抑制作用使微生物菌种由18种减少至14种,优势菌种由4种减至3种,多样性降低,反硝化抑制前后微生物种群相似性为62.6%,种群结构发生较大改变,优势菌群由SRB演变为DNB,SRB优势菌种由4种减至2种,同种菌的丰度明显降低;反硝化抑制过程的主要功能菌为Uncultured Sulfurimonas sp.,是一种自养型反硝化细菌,与SRB抢夺电子并占优势,抑制硫酸盐还原过程及SRB生长繁殖,从而抑制硫化物的产生.     

散射辐射对青藏高原高寒草地总初级生产力模拟的影响

太阳辐射的散射组分能够增强植被冠层LUE（light use efficiency,光能利用率）,因此需要在生产力模型中显式地加入散射辐射的影响,从而更准确地模拟植被冠层光合作用.以青藏高原高寒草地为研究对象,改进光能利用率模型,增加散射辐射模块,利用站点通量观测数据估计模型关键参数;结合区域尺度气象数据和遥感数据,模拟了2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地区域尺度GPP（gross primary production,总初级生产力）,并量化了GPP模拟的不确定性,进而通过分析模型改进前后GPP空间分布及其不确定性的差异量化了散射辐射的作用.结果表明:考虑散射辐射对LUE的影响后,模型参数优化效果明显提升,青藏高原高寒草地GPP的模拟效果得到提升;2003—2008年青藏高原高寒草地GPP模拟值呈现东南部较大,西北部较小的空间格局,与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但GPP平均值由312.3 g/（m2·a）增至341.7 g/（m2·a）,增幅约9.4%,说明不考虑散射辐射会低估青藏高原高寒草地GPP;GPP模拟值不确定性的空间分布与不考虑散射辐射的结果一致,但是平均不确定性大小有所降低,从9.15%降至8.66%.研究显示,若在青藏高原高寒草地的GPP模拟中不考虑散射辐射,虽不会影响其空间格局,但会低估GPP模拟值的大小,同时增加其不确定性.