2010年洱海全湖氮负荷时空分布特征

为探讨不同来源的氮负荷对洱海水体富营养化的贡献,对洱海入湖河流、干湿沉降和沉积物内源等来源的氮的负荷、形态及其时空变化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:与2008年相比,2010年洱海入湖TN负荷下降了28%. 入湖河流是TN负荷的主要来源,占总入湖负荷的37%;入湖河流TN负荷与ρ(TN)、ρ(Chla)呈极显著正相关;入湖河流TN负荷以NO₃--N为主,占39%. 入湖河流氮负荷季节性变化明显,7月最高;区域性差异较大,北部3条河流是主要来源,其中弥苴河入湖TN负荷占入湖河流TN负荷的57%. 沉积物内源TN负荷占总入湖负荷的29%,NH₄+-N负荷占内源TN负荷的98%,并且与水体ρ(Chla)呈显著正相关. 沉积物中TN和NO₃--N扩散通量北部湖区最高,NH₄+-N扩散通量南部湖区最高;TN扩散通量9月最高、12月最低. 干湿沉降入湖TN负荷以NH₄+-N为主,季节性变化明显,6月最高. 控制洱海外源入湖氮负荷,应以雨季之初为关键时期,以弥苴河及其流域为重点区域,兼顾坝区农业种植结构调控,同时应加强湖泊水体生态修复,控制内源释放.      

基于生态空间约束的云贵地区可利用坝区面积与空间分布

为合理估算云南、贵州两省可利用坝区,并了解其空间分布,利用云南、贵州两省DEM及土地利用数据,综合考虑生态敏感性、生态服务功能、生态风险多种生态空间制约,并叠加土地利用情况,合理估算两省适宜开发的坝区.结果表明,云南贵州两省适宜开发的土地面积较少,分别为2575.1,1011.0km2,仅约占国土面积的1%,主要集中于滇中、黔中地区.     

A study on vertical greening practice emphasizing ecological benefits in Xiamen City of China

Through the practice of vertical greening, which is an important method for modern city greening, a city’s natural geographic conditions and rich plant resources can be efficiently utilized. Using vertical greening to shape the characteristics of a city is a promising method for sustainable development. Integration of vertical greening with urban characteristics offers huge ecological and cultural benefits. Vertical greening was adopted in China much later than other developed cities in the world and is still in the exploratory stage in most of the cities. As one of the pioneer cities to carry out vertical greening in China, Xiamen has managed to project it as one of the city highlights. In this study, we analyzed the problems that Xiamen City faced during its development and the important role vertical greening has played in the urban landscape. In addition, humanistic and ecological benefits of vertical greening are illustrated through an experimental study.     

利巴韦林对4种作物种子发芽的影响

利巴韦林作为一种强效抗病毒药物在畜禽养殖业中应用广泛,有着较高的生态环境风险。采用室内培养箱培养的方法,研究了利巴韦林对4种作物(小麦、白菜、萝卜和番茄)的种子发芽、根伸长和芽伸长的影响。结果表明,利巴韦林对4种作物的种子发芽率影响不大,但其浓度与4种作物的根伸长及芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P<0.01或P<0.05),作物的根伸长比芽伸长对利巴韦林的胁迫更敏感。土壤中利巴韦林浓度与4种作物根伸长抑制率之间呈现正相关关系。根伸长的抑制率达到10%所对应的利巴韦林浓度(IC10)分别为:IC10(白菜)=4.25mg·kg-1,IC10(番茄)=29.7mg·kg-1,IC10(萝卜)=33.2mg·kg-1,IC10(小麦)=49.4mg·kg-1。可以看出,4种作物对土壤中利巴韦林胁迫的敏感性依次是:白菜>番茄>萝卜>小麦。从利巴韦林对4种作物的根伸长和芽伸长抑制率综合来看,小麦对利巴韦林的耐受性最强,而白菜对利巴韦林最敏感。     

Immobilized Lentinus edodes residue as absorbent for the enhancement of cadmium adsorption performance

To investigate the potential use of Lentinus edodes (L. edodes) residue for Cd²⁺ adsorption, poly alcohol Na alginate (PVA) was applied to immobilize it. The parameters including contact time, pH, adsorbent dosages, and coexisting metal ions were studied. The suitable pH for immobilized L. edodes was 4?C7 wider than that for raw L. edodes (pH 6?C7). In the presence of Pb²⁺ concentration varying from 0 to 30 mg·L^?1, the Cd²⁺ adsorption ratios declined by 6.71% and 47.45% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. While, with the coexisting ion Cu²⁺ concentration varied from 0 to 30 mg·L^?1, the Cd²⁺ adsorption ratios declined by 12.97% and 50.56% for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The Cd²⁺ adsorption isotherms in single-metal and dual-metal solutions were analyzed by using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. The Cd²⁺ adsorption capacities (q _m) in single-metal solution were 6.448 mg·L^?1 and 2.832 mg·L^?1 for immobilized and raw L. edodes, respectively. The q _m of immobilized L. edodes were 1.850 mg Cd·g^?1 in Cd²⁺ + Pb²⁺ solution and 3.961 mg Cd·g^?1 in Cd²⁺ + Cu²⁺ solution, respectively. The Cd²⁺ adsorption processes subjected to both adsorbents follow pseudo-second-order model. Mechanism study showed the functional group of L. edodes was -OH, -NH, -CO, and PVA played an important role in metal adsorbing. Mining wastewater treatment test showed that PVA-SA-immobilized L. edodes was effective in mixed pollutant treatment even for wastewater containing metal ions in very low concentration.     

低温下间歇式生物过滤系统去除高负荷H2S的效能

以鸡粪堆肥和PE混合物为填料的生物过滤系统,在较低温度下进行生物去除H2S废气的性能研究.采用间歇式运行方式,当在较高气速条件下,即EBRT为39s、32s、24s和13s,入口浓度3000mg/m3时,去除率可分别达100%、100%、100%和65%.整个系统的入口负荷为812 g/(m3·h)时,去除负荷为528 g/(m3·h).且在较低的实验温度(9~16.5℃),入口浓度50~3000 mg/m3条件下,当EBRT为39s、32s、24s时,H2S的去除率为100%;当EBRT为13s时,去除率为62%~88%.结果表明,在较低温度下,高气速,高负荷条件下,间歇式生物过滤系统对H2S具有较高的去除性能.     

Sediment microbial fuel cell with floating biocathode for organic removal and energy recovery

A sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) with three dimensional floating biocathode (FBC) was developed for the electricity generation and biodegradation of sediment organic matter in order to avoid negative effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion in aqueous environments on cathode performance and search cost-effective cathode materials. The biocathode was made from graphite granules with microbial attachment to replace platinum (Pt)-coated carbon paper cathode in a laboratory-scale SMFC (3 L in volume) filled with river sediment (organic content 49±4 g·kg^-1 dry weight). After start-up of 10 days, the maximum power density of 1.00W·m^-3 (based on anode volume) was achieved. The biocathode was better than carbon paper cathode catalyzed by Pt. The attached biofilm on cathode enhanced power generation significantly. The FBC enhanced SMFC performance further in the presence aeration. The SMFC was continuously operated for an over 120-day period. Power generation peaked within 24 days, declined gradually and stabilized at a level of 1/6 peak power output. At the end, the sediment organic matter content near the anode was removed by 29% and the total electricity generated was equal to 0.251 g of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removed.     

矿井风速故障源诊断及角联结构传感器布设

煤矿井下监控系统测量的风速数据并不能用来判断故障源位置,只能反映风速传感器所在巷道的风量变化情况。引起井下风速变化的原因很多,如巷道冒落、巷道堵塞、巷道变形等,从整个通风网络角度考虑,都可以归结为分支的风阻发生变化。由于井下通风网络中任一分支风阻的变化都可能引起自身及其他相关分支风量变化。提出用逐步线性回归分析法,确定引起通风系统风速传感器报警的分支集合。建立了逐步线性回归分析的通风系统故障源诊断数学模型。通过具体实例给出了风速传感器安设在不同位置下,可能引起此分支风速超限的故障巷道集合的结果。分析了关联分支的风阻变化对角联分支的影响,从而确定选择那些对角联分支影响大且自身风量容易发生变化的巷道安设风速传感器。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multimedia environment of Heshan coal district,Guangxi: distribution,source diagnosis and health risk assessment

Mining activities are among the major culprits of the wide occurrences of soil and water pollution by PAHs in coal district, which have resulted in ecological fragilities and health risk for local residents. Sixteen PAHs in multimedia environment from the Heshan coal district of Guangxi, South China, were measured, aiming to investigate the contamination level, distribution and possible sources and to estimate the potential health risks of PAHs. The average concentrations of 16 PAHs in the coal, coal gangue, soil, surface water and groundwater were 5114.56, 4551.10, 1280.12 ng g^?1, 426.98 and 381.20 ng L^?1, respectively. Additionally, higher soil and water PAH concentrations were detected in the vicinities of coal or coal gangue dump. Composition analysis, isomeric ratio, Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis were performed to diagnose the potential sources of PAHs in different environmental matrices, suggesting the dominant inputs of PAHs from coal/coal combustion and coal gangue in the soil and water. Soil and water guidelines and the incremental lifetime risk (ICLR) were used to assess the health risk, showing that soil and water were heavily contaminated by PAHs, and mean ICLR_{coal/coal-gangue} and mean ICLR_soil were both significantly higher than the acceptable levels (1 × 10^?4), posing high potential carcinogenic risk to residents, especially coal workers. This study highlights the environmental pollution problems and public health concerns of coal mining, particularly the potential occupational health hazards of coal miners exposed in Heshan.     

不同放牧强度对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的早期影响

放牧是高寒草甸一种重要的利用方式,对土壤理化性质和植被会产生重要影响,研究放牧对高寒草甸生态系统呼吸的影响对估算碳交换和制定合理放牧政策具有重要意义.利用静态箱-气象色谱法,于2012年8月到2013年7月在青藏高原东缘高寒草甸对轻度、中度和重度3种放牧强度下的生态系统呼吸进行每月至少一次的连续观测,以估算高寒草甸生态系统呼吸,并探讨放牧强度对生态系统呼吸的作用.结果显示:轻度、中度和重度放牧条件下,年均生态系统呼吸(以C计)分别为226.33±62.30、213.63±53.22和215.15±53.19 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),三者之间无显著差异(P0.05);在生长季生态系统呼吸分别为367.97±47.86、324.62±44.95和348.37±43.10 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在非生长季生态系统呼吸分别为105.81±22.13、96.55±14.69和110.61±16.89 mg m~(-2) h~(-1),在不同放牧强度下生态系统呼吸均表现出明显的季节特征,但在相同季节不同放牧强度间生态系统呼吸差异不显著;月累积降水量与生态系统呼吸呈显著正相关关系;该区域放牧地生态系统平均年累积呼吸为472.63 g m~(-2) h~(-1).本研究表明,在试验初期不同放牧强度对生态系统呼吸无显著作用.