液相色谱串联高分辨质谱在水环境监测领域中的应用研究

简述了液相色谱串联高分辨质谱(LC-HRMS)的优势和其在水环境监测领域中的实际工作流程。分析了LCHRMS在水环境监测应用中面临的数据库储备相对匮乏和优先锁定定性目标相对滞后的问题,提出,通过建立目标化合物数据库,从厂家或供应商处购买与仪器匹配的数据库,建立高通量靶向监测和高通量非靶向筛查的体制机制,以及建立具有地方特色的特征污染物数据库等几种方式,以期进一步提高鉴别工作效率,更好地满足水环境监测的筛查需求。     

乳化液膜法处理化工废水的进展

扼要介绍了液膜分离的机理及其在废水处理方面所具有的特点，并举例说明了我国在液膜法处理化工废水方面的研究进展。     

中国农村居民煤炭消费及影响因素研究

农村居民煤炭消费牵涉到农村居民生活方式与能源转型、北方供暖清洁化改革、大气污染治理等重大改革实践,如何准确理解和研判现有的农村居民煤炭消费现状,并进而识别出科学、有效的减煤措施,已成为改善农村居民能源结构、治理农村地区煤炭消费、改善北方地区大气质量的重要手段之一。然而,现有对农村居民煤炭消费的统计数据可能存在一定低估,基础性数据的匮乏与不足严重阻碍了科学研究和公共决策。为了准确了解我国农村居民煤炭消费的现状、特征与空间分布,本文采用第三次中国家庭能源消费调查数据对农村居民的煤炭消费进行了核算,并针对户均煤炭消费量和地区农村居民煤炭消费总量进行了比较,在此基础上还考察了气候差异、资源禀赋、收入水平等因素对农村居民煤炭需求的影响。研究结果表明,2014年中国农村居民生活用煤炭消费总量为6 585.7万tce,平均每户煤炭消费量为347.2 kgce,其中供暖用煤占比96.9%,烹饪用煤占比3.1%。各省的户均煤炭消费和煤炭消费总量呈现显著的空间差异,其中:东北、西部地区农村居民户均煤炭消费量显著高于其他地区,北京及周边的河北、山东、山西、内蒙、辽宁和天津7个省、市的农村居民共消费了全国55%的农村生活用煤,其中北京周边的河北、山东和山西三省农村居民消费了全国46.6%的农村煤炭消费。地区煤炭资源禀赋、农村居民住房面积与供暖用煤需求显著正相关,而冬季户外温度、居民收入水平同煤炭需求之间关系不显著。未来政府应通过改善农村居民民生需求、推动农村能源转型、提高农村能源统计水平等途径来有效治理农村散煤消费。     

环境治理对红枫湖水生食物链中汞积累的影响

于2015年以贵州省贵阳市饮用水源地红枫湖的水生食物链作为研究对象,通过测定不同营养级生物的汞含量及稳定碳氮同位素,并结合2007年红枫湖的数据,对比红枫湖水体的汞含量及水生食物链中的汞含量、食物链长度及生物放大率的变化。结果发现:相比于2007年,湖水中的总汞浓度降低了40%,但鱼体总汞和甲基汞含量分别增加了140%与210%,甲基汞在总汞中占的比例平均增加了18%。食物链长度增加一级,汞的生物放大率降低。可能的原因是:2008年政府对红枫湖进行综合治理后,水体富营养化程度降低,湖中食物链结构发生改变,鱼类生长速度减慢,使得鱼体内汞的生物稀释作用减弱,鱼体的汞含量相对升高。同时,高强度捕捞,使得鱼样个体普遍偏小,导致生物放大率较低。     

Social and cultural issues raised by climate change in Pacific Island countries: an overview

Regional Environmental Change - Climate-related disasters such as tropical cyclones, floods and droughts are not new to Pacific Islanders, who have developed customary or ‘traditional’...     

环境中微/纳米塑料的污染现状、分析方法、毒性评价及健康效应研究进展

微塑料是粒径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒,纳米塑料是粒径小于1 μm的塑料颗粒.微/纳米塑料广泛存在于各种环境介质中,由于其粒径小、比表面积大,很容易被直接吸入、经口食入或皮肤浸入至体内,造成毒害作用,危害健康.本文主要总结了环境中微/纳米塑料在水、大气、土壤和食品中的污染现状,阐述了其对生物体可能产生的毒性效应,探讨了其对...     

Escherichia coli loading at or near base flow in a mixed-use watershed

This study analyzed the occurrence of Escherichia coli in a mixed land-use watershed with human, cattle, and wildlife fecal inputs located in a karstic geologic region using synoptic monitoring (samples taken throughout the watershed system) during base-flow conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of E. coli during base-flow conditions for several months at seven different main channel and nine different tributary sampling sites in the Stock Creek watershed, a 49.3-km(2) basin located in Knoxville, TN. Escherichia coli densities were measured using the Colilert (Defined Substrate Technology) method. The instantaneous loads for E. coli were determined from measured flow rates and E. coli densities, with the highest loading rates observed in the late fall. The study indicated a strong correlation between E. coli load rate (colony-forming units [CFU]/d), 7-d antecedent precipitation, and turbidity. Water quality data, however, also exhibited a spatial dependency; for example, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with turbidity in the slower draining basin tailwater sampling sites than in the faster draining upstream headwater sampling sites. In the headwater sites, the E. coli load rate was better correlated with 7-d antecedent precipitation than turbidity.     

Comparing carbon substrates for denitrification of subsurface drainage water

Nitrate in water from tile drained corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] fields in the U.S. Midwest contributes to nitrate contamination of surface waters. Denitrification-based biofilters are a promising strategy for reducing nitrate concentrations, but these systems require an external carbon supply to sustain denitrification. The ability of four organic materials to serve as carbon substrates for denitrification biofilters was evaluated in this laboratory study. Wood chips, wood chips amended with soybean oil, cornstalks, and cardboard fibers were mixed with subsoil (oxidized till) and incubated anaerobically for 180 d. Periodically, 15NO3-N was added to maintain nitrate N concentrations between 10 and 100 mg L-1. All of the materials stimulated NO3-N removal and the degree of removal from highest to lowest was: cornstalks, cardboard fibers, wood chips with oil, and wood chips alone. Analysis of 15N showed that immobilization and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium accounted for <4% of NO3-N removal in all treatments, therefore denitrification was the dominant NO3-N removal process. Cardboard fibers, wood chips and oil, and wood chips alone did not support as much denitrification as cornstalks, but their rates of NO3-N removal were steady and would probably continue longer than cornstalks. The addition of soybean oil to wood chips significantly increased denitrification over wood chips alone.     

二恶英类物质检测分析技术进展

介绍了同位素稀释气相色谱质谱联用和生物快速检测法测定二恶英类化合物的技术进展,概述了国际通用的二恶英类标准分析方法体系,提出了各方法的适用范围,综述了我国二恶英类化合物分析研究现状并对我国二恶英分析检测提出了建议。     

循环式准好氧垃圾填埋场渗滤液电解效果比较

分别用三种不同材料电极(不锈钢、SPR、DSA)作阳极、石墨电极作阴极在同一条件下分别对循环式准好氧填埋垃圾场渗滤液进行电解处理对比研究。研究结果表明:随着电解时间的变化,渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD、Cl-浓度、色度、pH值均会发生改变。当电解时间为10￣20min时,用三种电极电解均会出现渗滤液COD、BOD5、BOD5/COD增大的现象,其中用SPR电极作阳极电解的渗滤液的BOD5/COD可达0.7;当电解时间为30￣40min时,用SPR或DSA电极作阳极电解均可使渗滤液的色度降为0;当电解时间为120min时,用三种电极作阳极电解都可使渗滤液中的COD、BOD5、Cl-得到有效的去除,其中用SPR电极作阳极电解对COD、BOD5、Cl-的去除效果最好。