Effects of water management on arsenic and cadmiumspeciation and accumulation in an upland rice cultivar

Pot and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of water regimes on the speciation and accumulation of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) in Brazilian upland rice growing in soils polluted with both As and Cd. In the pot experiment constant and intermittent flooding treatments gave 3-16 times higher As concentrations in soil solution than did aerobic conditions but Cd showed the opposite trend. Compared to arsenate, there were more marked changes in the arsenite concentrations in the soil solution as water management shifted, and therefore arsenite concentrations dominated the As speciation and bioavailability in the soil. In the field experiment As concentrations in the rice grains increased from0.14 to 0.21 mg/kg while Cd concentrations decreased from 0.21 to 0.02 mg/kg with increasing irrigation ranging from aerobic to constantly flooding conditions. Among the various water regimes the conventional irrigation treatment produced the highest rice grain yield of 6.29 tons/ha. The As speciation analysis reveals that the accumulation of dimethylarsinic acid (from 11.3% to 61.7%) made a greater contribution to the increase in total As in brown rice in the intermittent and constant flooding treatments compared to the intermittent-aerobic treatment. Thus, water management exerted opposite effects on Cd and As speciation and bioavailability in the soil and consequently on their accumulation in the upland rice. Special care is required when irrigation regime methods are employed to mitigate the accumulation of metal(loid)s in the grain of rice grown in soils polluted with both As and Cd.     

Quantification of emission reduction potentials of primary air pollutants from residential solid fuel combustion by adopting cleaner fuels in China

Residential low efficient fuel burning is a major source of many air pollutants produced during incomplete combustions, and household air pollution has been identified as one of the top environmental risk factors. Here we compiled literature-reported emission factors of pollutants including carbon monoxide(CO), total suspended particles(TSPs), PM2.5, organic carbon(OC),elemental carbon(EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) for different household energy sources, and quantified the potential for emission reduction by clean fuel adoption. The burning of crop straws, firewood and coal chunks in residential stoves had high emissions per unit fuel mass but lower thermal efficiencies, resulting in high levels of pollution emissions per unit of useful energy, whereas pelletized biofuels and coal briquettes had lower pollutant emissions and higher thermal efficiencies. Briquetting coal may lead to 82%–88% CO, 74%–99%TSP, 73%–76% PM2.5, 64%–98% OC, 92%–99% EC and 80%–83% PAH reductions compared to raw chunk coal. Biomass pelletizing technology would achieve 88%–97% CO, 73%–87% TSP, 79%–88%PM2.5, 94%–96% OC, 91%–99% EC and 63%–96% PAH reduction compared to biomass burning. The adoption of gas fuels(i.e., liquid petroleum gas, natural gas) would achieve significant pollutant reduction, nearly 96% for targeted pollutants. The reduction is related not only to fuel change, but also to the usage of high efficiency stoves.     

多层复合材料的声学性能研究

材料分层复合是一种利用较少代价提高声学性能的有效方式,通过多孔性保温绝热材料与硬质黏弹性材料的优化组合,可以兼有隔声、吸声、阻燃和隔热等多项功能,同时符合相关环保要求。本文利用VAONE软件中NOVA模块研究了多种不同厚度分层材料的声学性能,并结合实验结果分析了主要参数对多层复合材料声学性能的影响。研究结果验证了NOVA模块预测多层材料声学性能的有效性,同时也表明多层材料经过优化设计可以具备良好的隔声性能。     

循环流化床烟气脱硫系统控制技术

阐述了循环流化床烟气脱硫系统电气控制的内容、方法、仪表等技术。根据循环流化床烟气脱硫实验系统温度、压力、流量的测量,实现了该系统闭环开环自动、手动控制的功能,并且根据实验室的具体情况,采取特殊技术方式,完成实验自动化的控制。该控制技术对扩大到实际工程应用具有指导意义。     

特大城市公路交通设施噪声影响水平分析

中国特大城市的公路交通设施规模庞大而复杂,主要包括公路、城市道路、公路运输枢纽场站。本文实测了北京市有代表性公路交通设施场界噪声,分析了其不同道路等级(或不同客货公路运输枢纽)、不同车流量、不同时段情况下的噪声影响程度大小,为北京市公路交通设施的规划研究提供参考。     

The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in Shanghai

The tap water samples were collected from the users' ends in several areas of Shanghai, which is located in Taihu Lake basin, Eastern China. Source water samples were also collected from two municipal source water facilities at the same time. Samples were assayed by three different short-term mutagenicity test systems: Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test), the Arabinose resistance test (Ara test) and the SOS/umu test. The data showed that two source water samples did not display direct mutagenic potentials. Two tap water samples from city north, which were directly from Yangtze River, were also not mutagenic. Water samples from city south and middle which used source water originating from Taihu Lake were proved to be contaminated with mutagenic potentials by three different assay techniques. The boiled water displayed an even stronger mutagenic potential compared to its original tap water. The molecular mechanism of mutagenicity was associated with a reading frame-shifting potential. GC-MS analysis of tap water extracts from city middle and corresponding source water was compared. Qualitatively similar spectra were observed except for the peaks of three chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, which existed only in the tap water. Since the water source has been polluted, raw water was heavily chlorinated in order to sterilize. More toxic compounds, including mutagens, might form during the multi-chlorination. Caution about the possibility of elevated cancer risks in the population that consumes heavily chlorinated water should be kept in mind. A cohort study in the residents of Shanghai is required.     

Degradation of 4-CP in an internal electrolysis system

The characteristic and mechanism of parachlorophenol (4-CP) degradation in an internal electrolysis system were investigated. The degradation rate of 4-CP was higher in acid solution than that of in neutral or alkaline solution. Addition of activated carbon could make 4-CP easier be degraded by the surface contact catalysis. The dissolved oxygen in solution could take part in the electrode reaction and intensify the degradation of 4-CP. By the analysis of intermediates of degradation of 4-CP, it could be conferred that 4-CP was broken through the bond beside hydroxy firstly, then the bond beside chloride was broken and the chloride was dechlorinated simultaneously. Most intermediate products were glycerine, ethane diacid and acetic acid, while very few 1, 4-butanedial and alcohols were found.     

燃烧假人实验室闪火生成系统设计

对国内外燃烧假人实验室相关标准及闪火生成系统进行介绍,结合应用实际提出闪火的设计要求是热流量84kW/m2,持续时间为5s。最后从管道压力调节、燃烧器设计、嵌入式控制系统开发等三个方面介绍了实验室火闪火生成系统的设计实现。     

童装机械安全性检验与设计

本文分析了由于童装安全性不合格而被召回的案例,针对美国和欧盟的有关童装机械安全性标准,细化解析了标准中有关安全性设计的要求,以期为服装设计和生产提供参考。     

简易干法烟气脱硫技术的试验研究

为了开发研究低投资,低成本的脱硫方法,在研制高活性多孔脱硫剂的过程中,研究了各种因素的影响,并对脱硫剂进行物化特性的表征。脱硫剂比表面积可达４１ｍ＾２／ｇ,粒径分布：０－１μｍ占２４．１％．－１０－２０μｍ占２０．１％;２０－４０μｍ占２９．０％,４０μｍ－６０μｍ占１０．３％。实验室小试,用固定床反应器模拟研究干法烟气脱硫反应过程,烟气相对湿度,脱硫剂比表面积,反应温度等为影响脱硫剂与ＯＳ２反应