A modified risk assessment to establish molybdenum standards for land application of biosolids

The USEPA standards (40 CFR Part 503) for the use or disposal of sewage sludge (biosolids) derived risk-based numerical values for Mo for the biosolids --> land --> plant --> animal pathway (Pathway 6). Following legal challenge, most Mo numerical standards were withdrawn, pending additional field-generated data using modern biosolids (Mo concentrations <75 mg kg(-1) and a reassessment of this pathway. This paper presents a reevaluation of biosolids Mo data, refinement of the risk assessment algorithms, and a reassessment of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from land application of biosolids. Forage Mo uptake coefficients (UC) are derived from field studies, many of which used modern biosolids applied to numerous soil types, with varying soil pH values, and supporting various crops. Typical cattle diet scenarios are used to calculate a diet-weighted UC value that realistically represents forage Mo exposure to cattle. Recent biosolids use data are employed to estimate the fraction of animal forage (FC) likely to be affected by biosolids applications nationally. Field data are used to estimate long-term Mo leaching and a leaching correction factor (LC) is used to adjust cumulative biosolids application limits. The modified UC and new FC and LC factors are used in a new algorithm to calculate biosolids Mo Pathway 6 risk. The resulting numerical standards for Mo are cumulative limit (RPc)=40 kg Mo ha(-1), and alternate pollutant limit (APL) = 40 mg Mo kg(-1) We regard the modifications to algorithms and parameters and calculations as conservative, and believe that the risk of Mo-induced hypocuprosis from biosolids Mo is small. Providing adequate Cu mineral supplements, standard procedure in proper herd management, would augment the conservatism of the new risk assessment.     

Sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of β-cyclodextrin polymers by twin screw extrusion

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are cross-linked cyclodextrin polymers characterized by a nanostructured three-dimensional network. CD-NSs in the...     

三丁基锡对摇蚊幼虫的毒性作用

研究氯化三丁基锡对摇蚊幼虫的毒性作用,结果表明,ＴＢＴ对红德永摇蚊幼虫４８ｈＬＣ５０为２８５．４μｇ／Ｌ,ＴＢＴ对羽摇蚊幼虫２４ｈＬＣ５０为１６．６μｇ／Ｌ;１０ｄ中,ＴＢＴ浓度为２５μｇ／Ｌ时红德永摇纹幼虫的下唇板出现可观察到的畸变;