Adsorption of microcystins by carbon nanotubes

The production of cyanobacterial toxins microcystins (MCs) by cyanobacterial bloom which may promote the growth of tumor in human liver is a growing environmental problem worldwide. In this paper, the adsorption of MC-RR and LR, which were extracted from cyanobacterial cells in Dianchi Lake in China, by carbon nanotubes (CNTs), wood-based activated carbon (ACs) and clays were investigated. Compared with ACs and clay materials of sepiolite, kaolinite and talc tested, CNTs were found to have a strong ability in the adsorption of MCs. At the concentrations of 21.5 mg l(-1) MC-RR and 9.6 mg l(-1) MC-LR in 50 mmol phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), the adsorption amounts of MCs by CNTs with the range of outside diameter from 2 to 10nm were 14.8 and 5.9 mg g(-1), which were about four times higher than those by other adsorbents tested. It was shown that with the decrease of CNTs outside diameters from 60 to 2 nm, the adsorption amount of MCs was apparently increased, however the size of CNTs particles formed in solution declined. This result implies that the size of CNTs tube pore that is fit for the molecular dimension of MCs plays a dominant role. Furthermore the specific surface area of CNTs was also found to be a factor in the adsorption of MCs. The results suggested that the selection of suitable size of CNTs as a kind of adsorbent is very important in the efficient eliminating MCs from drinking water in future.     

Effect of methamidophos and urea application on microbial communities in soils as determined by microbial biomass and community level physiological profiles

In this study, we evaluated the effect of the application by two agrochemicals, methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoroamidothioate) and urea, on microbial diversity in soil, using the combined approaches of soil microbial biomass analysis and community level physiological profiles (CLPPs). The results showed that both a low and a high level of methamidophos application (CS2 and CS3) and urea application (CS4) significantly decreased microbial biomass C (Cmic) by 41-83% compared with the control (CS1). The soil organic C (Corg) values of CS3 and CS4 were significantly higher and lower by 24% and 14%, respectively, than that of CS1. Similarly to Cmic, the values of Cmic/Corg of the three applied soils which decreased were lower by 31-84% than that of CS1. In contrast, the respiration activity of the three applied soils were significantly higher than the control. Agrochemical application also significantly increased the soil total of N and P (Ntol and Ptol) and decreased the Corg/Ntol and Corg/Ptol values. The CLPPs results showed that the AWCD (average well color development) of the three applied soils were significantly higher than that of CS1 during the incubation period. Substrate richness, Shannon and Simpson indices of microbial communities under chemical stresses, increased significantly. In addition, the CFU (colony-forming unit) numbers of methamidophos metabolized bacteria in CS2 and CS3 also increased significantly by 86.1% and 188.9% compared with that of CS1. The combined results suggest that agrochemicals reduce microbial biomass and enhance functional diversities of soil microbial communities; meanwhile, some species of bacteria may be enriched in soils under methamidophos stress.     

缺氧—好氧—催化臭氧氧化工艺处理石化厂含盐废水

采用缺氧—好氧—催化臭氧氧化工艺处理某石化厂的含盐废水。实验结果表明：在进水COD为200~350 mg/L的条件下,经生化处理后的出水COD稳定在50~60 mg/L,COD去除率稳定在75%左右;在臭氧投加量为4.5 g/L、V（催化剂Ⅱ）∶V（废水）=1.5∶1的条件下,进行连续催化臭氧氧化后出水COD稳定在20 mg/L以下,COD去除率大于70%,满足DB 61/224—2011《黄河流域（陕西段）污水综合排放标准》。表征结果显示,催化剂表面含有铜元素,比表面积为250.815 m²/g,吸水率为60.9%,经过滤可去除废水中残留的催化剂。     

化工厂硫酸生产中尾气达标排放与低浓度SO2资源化回收利用措施

针对金川集团公司化工厂硫酸生产中,冶炼烟气SO2浓度波动大、频繁及其系统故障引发的制酸系统的非正常、正常SO2烟气条件下尾气超标排放及其低浓度SO2无法回收利用问题,结合化工厂产业特点及其优势;采用尾气吸收等技术措施,不但使硫酸系统尾气达标排放,而且使尾气中低浓度SO2作为资源生产亚硫酸钠得到开发利用。     

丙烯酸废水超临界水氧化动力学研究

用H2O2作为氧化剂,对丙烯酸生产废水进行超临界水氧化研究.得到了反应速率方程表达式.COD、H2O2和水的反应级数分别为1、0和0,指前因子A为4.97 s-1,反应活化能Ea为20.64 kJ/mol,诱导时间为8 s左右.     

哈药污泥的化学组成及农田应用安全性研究

通过对哈药总厂污水处理车间排放的污泥进行化学成分及施入土壤后重金属元素在土壤及水稻子粒中残留的分析,探讨该污泥能否应用于农田及适宜的用量.试验结果表明,污泥中有机质含量高,达800mg/kg,全氮含量达7%左右.重金属元素含量均明显低于农用污泥中污染控制标准值.大剂量施入土壤后,子粒中重金属元素的残留量与常规施肥无明显差异.随污泥用量的增加,土壤中有机质的含量明显提高,重金属元素除汞和锌有较大幅度提高外,其他元素差异不大.     

基于EFDC城市景观湖泊水动力模拟研究

城市景观湖泊是生态城市建设的重要组成部分,其水流缓慢,水动力交换和自净能力较弱,水质易受城市排污、径流、人为活动等因素影响。本文应用EFDC(environment fluid dynamic code)三维模型研究分析了典型城市景观湖泊-天印湖的水动力特征,模拟了2011年9月至2013年12月水龄变化过程和时空分布,分析降雨径流和风力驱动对水龄的影响力。结果表明:天印湖的水动力主要驱动力为降雨径流,风力对水龄的影响很小。研究结论有助于理解城市景观水体的水动力特性以及进一步研究水动力对水质变化的影响,并为城市水环境建设和保护提供一定的方案支持。     

氨与脉冲电晕等离子体脱除SO_2的协同效应

为了揭示氨与等离子体脱除ＳＯ２的协同效应，对比了脉冲电晕等离子体在氨气注入前后ＳＯ２脱除率的变化。实验结果表明，脉冲电晕等离子体单独作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率仅为９％～１５％，而氨与脉冲电晕等离子体共同作用时，ＳＯ２脱除率可达９０％以上（ｆ＝１．０）．并从化学热力学角度探讨了氨与脉冲电晕的协同效应能显著提高ＳＯ２脱除率的原因，还考察了氧含量、温度对协同效应的影响     

Response of non-point source pollutant loads to climate change in the Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment

The impacts of climate change on streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads in the Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment are predicted by combining a general circulation model (HadCM3) with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. A statistical downscaling model was used to generate future local scenarios of meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation. Then, the downscaled meteorological variables were used as input to the SWAT hydrological model calibrated and validated with observations, and the corresponding changes of future streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads in Shitoukoumen reservoir catchment were simulated and analyzed. Results show that daily temperature increases in three future periods (2010–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099) relative to a baseline of 1961–1990, and the rate of increase is 0.63°C per decade. Annual precipitation also shows an apparent increase of 11 mm per decade. The calibration and validation results showed that the SWAT model was able to simulate well the streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads, with a coefficient of determination of 0.7 and a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of about 0.7 for both the calibration and validation periods. The future climate change has a significant impact on streamflow and non-point source pollutant loads. The annual streamflow shows a fluctuating upward trend from 2010 to 2099, with an increase rate of 1.1 m³ s⁻¹ per decade, and a significant upward trend in summer, with an increase rate of 1.32 m³ s⁻¹ per decade. The increase in summer contributes the most to the increase of annual load compared with other seasons. The annual NH₄⁺-N load into Shitoukoumen reservoir shows a significant downward trend with a decrease rate of 40.6 t per decade. The annual TP load shows an insignificant increasing trend, and its change rate is 3.77 t per decade. The results of this analysis provide a scientific basis for effective support of decision makers and strategies of adaptation to climate change.     

三甲基氯化锡对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化特性的影响

为初步探讨三甲基氯化锡(trimethyltin chloride,TMT)对鱼类的毒性效应以及评价环境中TMT的安全性,采用静态鱼类急性毒性试验法测定了TMT对斑马鱼(Danio rerio)生理生化指标的影响;参考TMT的96 h-LC50值,设定3个浓度(0.39、0.78和1.17 mg·L-1)处理斑马鱼,测...