液态水氢键结构的拉曼光谱研究进展

总结了近年来将拉曼光谱应用于液态水氢键结构的研究进展,分析了温度、压强和电解质对于水团簇氢键网络结构的影响。改变水的温度和压强或加入不同电解质,将会对水的氢键作用产生影响,并改变水分子团簇结构。通过拉曼光谱可以观察到水分子间振动频率的变化,从而推断液态水氢键结构的变化。     

Ammonia volatilization,N2O and CO2 emissions from landfill leachate-irrigated soils

Effects of leachate addition on ammonia volatilization and N₂O and CO₂ emissions from two different soils were investigated using the 10-day laboratory incubation method at two levels of moisture content. Ammonia volatilization was dominated by soil pH and only occurred in alkaline clay soil, where 0.26–0.32% of soil ammonia could be lost. The N₂O emission from the alkaline clay soil was one order of magnitude greater than that from the acidic sandy soil, when either water or leachate was irrigated. Increasing the moisture content from 46% water-filled pore space (WFPS) to 70% WFPS in the alkaline clay soil or the acidic sandy soil by either water or leachate irrigation increased the N₂O emission by over twofold. The CO₂ emission from each soil sample at the two WFPSs was almost the same. The CO₂ emission from the alkaline clay soil with leachate addition was 72% lower than that from the acidic sandy soil with leachate addition, and 6.7 times higher than that from the alkaline clay soil with distilled water addition. Ammonia volatilization and N₂O emission under leachate irrigation could be minimized by avoiding the excessively wet condition and by selecting the acidic sandy soil with low organic carbon and total nitrogen content.     

铁屑微电解法深度处理油田钻井污水

采用化学混凝-铁屑微电解法深度处理钻井污水。确定了最佳工艺条件：铁屑与活性炭的质量比为0．5，反应时间为2h，污水pH为1．0，温度为常温，反应后用石灰乳调节污水pH至12。处理后钻井污水COD可由原水的8065mg／L降至430mg／L，COD去除率大于94％，色度去除率达100％，达到国家综合污水三级排放标准。     

零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对四氯乙烯的脱氯性能研究

研究了零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对四氯乙烯（PCE）的还原性脱氯性能。实验结果表明,零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对PCE的脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;双金属对P（=E的脱氯反应速率高于零价铁,镍-铁双金属对PCE的脱氯反应速率常数是零价铁的2．486倍;镍-铁和铜-铁双金属可使PCE完全脱氯,零价铁在对PCE脱氯的过程中产生一定量的三氯乙烯;增加金属质量,可提高PCE的脱氯反应速率;金属颗粒越小,越有利于PCE脱氯反应。     

稀土氧化物催化还原烟气中的SO2

在实验室研究结果的基础上,建立了小型实际燃煤烟气脱硫试验装置,采用实际燃煤烟气进行了稀土氧化物催化还原烟气脱硫的试验,考察了空速、反应温度对脱硫率的影响。试验结果表明,在反应温度520～550℃、空速2800h。的条件下,脱硫率为99％,NOx的去除率为95％,SO2最高排放质量浓度为100mg／m^3,NOx最高排放质量浓度为50mg／m^3,符合GB13223-2003《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》2时段标准,与实验室的实验结果基本吻合。     

松江镇饮用水源区水环境管理模型

本文运用系统工程的理论和方法,构造了松江镇饮用水源区水环境管理模型的结构,给出了各子模型形式。然后用多种信息处理方法得到模型中参数的估计值。实际应用表明,该模型精度较高,功能较强,实用性好。     

芹菜赖氨酸加苏氨酸抗性细胞系的选择

用４ｍｍｏｌ－／Ｌ浓度的赖氨酸加苏氨酸作为选择压，经相同浓度液体和固体选择培养基连续选择，从未经诱变处理的芹菜胚性愈伤组织筛选出一个稳定的赖氨酸加苏氨酸抗性细胞系并得到再生植株。抗性细胞系再生植株整株的氨基酸含量比对照组植株高１０倍左右。但是地上部分氨基酸含量，抗性细胞系再生植株比对照植株有所降低。两种植株叶片的细胞色素氧化酶同工酶谱有明显差异，抗性细胞系再生植株有４条谱带，而对照植株只有两条谱带     

Ceramic membrane fouling mechanisms and control for water treatment

● The fouling is summarized based on ceramic membrane performance and pollutants. ● The current research methods and theoretical models are summarized. ● The membrane fouling control methods and collaborative technology are reviewed. Membrane separation, as an important drinking water treatment technology, has wide applications. The remarkable advantages of ceramic membranes, such as chemical stability, thermal stability, and high mechanical strength, endow them with broader prospects for development. Despite the importance and advantages of membrane separation in water treatment, the technique has a limitation: membrane fouling, which greatly lowers its effectiveness. This is caused by organics, inorganic substances, and microorganisms clogging the pore and polluting the membrane surface. The increase in membrane pollution greatly lowers purification effectiveness. Controlling membrane fouling is critical in ensuring the efficient and stable operation of ceramic membranes for water treatment. This review analyzes four mechanisms of ceramic membrane fouling, namely complete blocking, standard blocking, intermediate blocking, and cake filtration blocking. It evaluates the mechanisms underlying ceramic membrane fouling and summarizes the progress in approaches aimed at controlling it. These include ceramic membrane pretreatment, ceramic membrane surface modification, membrane cleaning, magnetization, ultrasonics, and nanobubbles. This review highlights the importance of optimizing ceramic membrane preparation through further research on membrane fouling and pre-membrane pretreatment mechanisms. In addition, combining process regulations with ceramic membranes as the core is an important research direction for ceramic membrane-based water treatment.     

复配型表面活性剂协同无机盐润湿煤尘性能研究*

为有效提高雾化降尘效率,以长焰煤为例,从接触角、表面张力静态试验和粒径测定、喷雾降尘动态试验角度切入,探究不同类型表面活性剂与无机盐的协同关系,进而优选出降尘效果最佳的配比方案。研究结果表明:阴与阴、阴与非、非与非离子复配型表面活性剂与无机盐之间均存在显著协同效应,且通过正交试验可确定协同效果最优的3组配方及其最佳浓度;对比清水,3组配方的平均粒径均有所减小,降尘效率均有大幅提升。综合优选出的最佳配比为质量分数0.08%的仲烷基磺酸钠、0.04%的曲拉通X-100和0.04%的氯化钙复合配制的溶液,该方案的全尘降尘效率为92.55%,比清水提升79.95%;呼尘降尘效率为91.27%,比清水提升82.36%。     

建设项目竣工环保验收监测全程质量管理

质量管理是环境监测质量保证重点和难点,加强全程质量管理才能确保建设项目竣工环保验收监测质量可靠、流程规范、数据有效、服务高效、签报合法,才能全面推进建设项目竣工环保验收监测事业科学发展.简要概述了验收监测质量管理职能,深入研究了验收监测质量管理流程,详细阐述了验收监测质量管理保障.指出在现有验收监测质量管理流程框架下,切实注重验收监测业务培训,及时做好验收监测资料存档,积极倡导验收监测制度推引,着力提升验收监测公众参与,全面整合验收监测风险管理,可有效加强建设项目竣工环保验收监测全程质量管理.