Effects of soil water and nitrogen availability on photosynthesis and water use efficiency of Robinia pseudoacacia seedlings

The efficient use of water and nitrogen (N) to promote growth and increase yield of fruit trees and crops is well studied.However,little is known about their effects on woody plants growing in arid and semiarid areas with limited water and N availability.To examine the effects of water and N supply on early growth and water use efficiency (WUE) of trees on dry soils,one-year-old seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were exposed to three soil water contents (non-limiting,medium drought,and severe drought) as well as to low and high N levels,for four months.Photosynthetic parameters,leaf instantaneous WUE (WUEi) and whole tree WUE (WUEb) were determined.Results showed that,independent of N levels,increasing soil water content enhanced the tree transpiration rate (Tr),stomatal conductance (Gs),intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci),maximum net assimilation rate (Amax),apparent quantum yield (AQY),the range of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) due to both reduced light compensation point and enhanced light saturation point,and dark respiration rate (Rd),resulting in a higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and a significantly increased whole tree biomass.Consequently,WUEi and WUEb were reduced at low N,whereas WUE i was enhanced at high N levels.Irrespective of soil water availability,N supply enhanced Pn in association with an increase of Gs and Ci and a decrease of the stomatal limitation value (Ls),while Tr remained unchanged.Biomass and WUEi increased under non-limiting water conditions and medium drought,as well as WUEb under all water conditions;but under severe drought,WUEi and biomass were not affected by N application.In conclusion,increasing soil water availability improves photosynthetic capacity and biomass accumulation under low and high N levels,but its effects on WUE vary with soil N levels.N supply increased Pn and WUE,but under severe drought,N supply did not enhance WUEi and biomass.     

Degradation mechanism of Direct Pink 12B treated by iron-carbon micro-electrolysis and Fenton reaction

The Direct Pink 12B dye was treated by iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (ICME) and Fenton oxidation. The degradation pathway of Direct Pink 12B dye was inferred by ultraviolet visible (UV-Vis), infrared absorption spectrum (IR) and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The major reason of decolorization was that the conjugate structure was disrupted in the iron-carbon micro-electrolysis (ICME) process. However, the dye was not degraded completely because benzene rings and naphthalene rings were not broken. In the Fenton oxidation process, the azo bond groups surrounded by higher electron cloud density were first attacked by hydroxyl radicals to decolorize the dye molecule. Finally benzene rings and naphthalene rings were mineralized to H₂O and CO₂ under the oxidation of hydroxyl radicals.     

连续流动分析法测定废水中的总氮

本文初步探讨了连续流动分析法测定废水中总氮的方法。通过将测量量程扩大至20mg/L,对混浊的废水进行过滤处理,实验结果表明,该方法的相关系数达0．9999,方法检出限为0．02mg/L,加标回收率在99．5％-108％之间,RSD为0．2％-0．6％,可适用于废水中总氮的分析。     

关于烟蒂环境危害及其管理措施的研究

烟蒂作为随处可见的丢弃物,已成为目前环境中数量最多的固体废物,所致污染日趋严重,但是常被忽视。近年来国外的相关研究报告表明烟蒂具有很强的危害性,但国内各界对烟蒂污染的关注较少。本研究通过系统分析了烟蒂毒性的来源,综述了国外关于烟蒂渗滤液毒性试验的结果,阐明了烟蒂对水生生态系统中代表性物种的危害,并总结了烟蒂的其他潜在环境危害,以呼吁国内各界引起对烟蒂污染和烟蒂危害的重视。最后,提出一些管理方面的建议以破解当前烟蒂的环境管理难题。     

正交实验在气浮法条件筛选中的应用研究

正交试验是研究多因素多水平的一种设计方法,它是根据正交性从全面试验中挑选出部分有代表一t~．ej点进行试验,这些有代表性的点具备了“均匀分散,齐整可比”的特点,正交试验设计是分析因式设计的主要方法。是一种高效率、快速、经济的实验设计方法。将正交试验选择的水平组合列成表格,称为正交表。本文选择对溶气气浮法为研究对象。通过PAC的加入量、沉降时间、搅拌强度和搅拌时间等因素对废水的混凝处理效果有较大影响,为确定各因素的最佳值和影响效果的主次关系,选择影响较大的因素,采用正交实验确定设备最佳的运行条件。     

Strategies to improve aerobic granular sludge stability and nitrogen removal based on feeding mode and substrate

A systemic strategy was proposed to improve aerobic granular sludge(AGS)stability and nitrogen(N)removal efficiency by optimizing feeding mode and substrate aiming at complicated wastewater characteristics.Key functional groups at the genus level identified by high-throughput sequencing were evaluated as well.The results showed that anaerobic feeding mode and acetate promoted the compact AGS formation with excellent total nitrogen(TN)removal efficiency(averaging 91.7%±4.1%)at various dissolved oxygen conditions.While the aerobic feeding mode led to a loose AGS structure with a vulnerable anaerobic core and poor TN removal efficiency(averaging58.8%±7.4%).Simultaneous nitrification and denitrification process played the dominant role in N removal in compact AGS over the alternating nitrification and denitrification process.High-concentration glucose undermined feast-famine condition with filamentous bacteria growth out of granule and decreased TN removal efficiency to 67.3%±15.2%.Lower food to microorganism ratio may result in a lower N removal rate attributed to the sharply increased biomass concentration fed by glucose.Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,denitrifying bacteria,and denitrifying phosphorus accumulation organisms enriched during AGS granulation also contributed to the efficient N removal.The proposed strategy provided insights into the relationship between various factors and stable AGS formation,and systemic operation methods for various complicated wastewater treatment.     

Process analysis of PM2.5 pollution events in a coastal city of China using CMAQ

US EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system(CMAQ) with Process Analysis tool was used to simulate and quantify the contribution of individual atmospheric processes to PM_(2.5) concentration in Qingdao during three representative PM_(2.5) pollution events in the winter of 2015 and 2016. Compared with the observed surface PM_(2.5) concentrations, CMAQ could reasonably reproduce the temporal and spatial variations of PM_(2.5) during these three events. Process analysis results show that primary emissions accounted for 72.7%–93.2% of the accumulation of surface PM_(2.5) before and after the events.When the events occurred, primary emissions were still the major contributor to the increase of PM_(2.5) in Qingdao, however the contribution percentage reduced significantly,which only account for 51.4%–71.8%. Net contribution from horizontal and vertical transport to the accumulation of PM_(2.5) was also positive and its percentage increased when events occurred. Only 1.1%–4.6% of aerosol accumulation was due to PM processes and aqueous chemical processes before and after events. When the events occurred,contribution from PM processes and aqueous chemistry increased to 6.0%–11.8%. Loss of PM_(2.5) was mainly through horizontal transport, vertical transport and dry deposition, no matter during or outside the events. Wet deposition would become the main removal pathway of PM_(2.5), when precipitation occurred.     

Characterization of halogenated DBPs and identification of new DBPs trihalomethanols in chlorine dioxide treated drinking water with multiple extractions

Chlorine dioxide(ClO_2) is a widely used alternative disinfectant due to its high biocidal efficiency and low-level formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. A major portion of total organic halogen(TOX), a collective parameter for all halogenated DBPs, formed in ClO_2-treated drinking water is still unknown. A commonly used pretreatment method for analyzing halogenated DBPs in drinking water is one-time liquid–liquid extraction(LLE), which may lead to a substantial loss of DBPs prior to analysis. In this study, characterization and identification of polar halogenated DBPs in a ClO_2-treated drinking water sample were conducted by pretreating the sample with multiple extractions. Compared to one-time LLE, the combined four-time LLEs improved the recovery of TOX by 2.3 times. The developmental toxicity of the drinking water sample pretreated with the combined four-time LLEs was 1.67 times higher than that pretreated with one-time LLE.With the aid of ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry, a new group of polar halogenated DBPs, trihalomethanols,were detected in the drinking water sample pretreated with multiple extractions; two of them,trichloromethanol and bromodichloromethanol, were identified with synthesized standard compounds. Moreover, these trihalomethanols were found to be the transformation products of trihalomethanes formed during ClO_2disinfection. The results indicate that multiple LLEs can significantly improve extraction efficiencies of polar halogenated DBPs and is a better pretreatment method for characterizing and identifying new polar halogenated DBPs in drinking water.     

低温催化氧化中试装置对典型VOCs的治理效果分析

针对最新实施工业污染物排放标准,目前常规治理VOCs的工艺方法已不能达到新国标要求,中国石化安全工程研究院设计制造出针对炼化、码头和油库的油气回收的低温催化氧化中试装置,并利用此装置进行了几种典型VOCs气体的催化氧化实验,分析得到低温催化氧化中试装置对苯、二甲苯和汽油油气的治理效果理想,为实际工况下催化氧化VOCs工艺包设置提供数据支持,为低温催化氧化治理VOCs气体的工业推广应用打下了基础。     

环境习惯初探

目前,环境保护已成为全社会关注的焦点.如何走上经济与社会的可持续发展之路,除了制定与社会发展相适应的各种环境保护法外,还应该充分发掘中国传统文化中的环境保护习惯,发挥其独到的作用.环境习惯与环境法相比,在产生的原因、作用方式、实施方式等方面都有不同,它在调整社会关系的同时具有多样性、特殊性、伦理性、自觉性的特点.从法社会学的角度来看,环境习惯在环境法制建设的今天仍具有重要的作用,如何发挥环境习惯的独特作用对现实环境保护是一个需要引起重视的问题.