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81.
J.-P. Putaud R. Van Dingenen A. Alastuey H. Bauer W. Birmili J. Cyrys H. Flentje S. Fuzzi R. Gehrig H.C. Hansson R.M. Harrison H. Herrmann R. Hitzenberger C. Hüglin A.M. Jones A. Kasper-Giebl G. Kiss A. Kousa T.A.J. Kuhlbusch G. Löschau F. Raes 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(10):1308-1320
This paper synthesizes data on aerosol (particulate matter, PM) physical and chemical characteristics, which were obtained over the past decade in aerosol research and monitoring activities at more than 60 natural background, rural, near-city, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. The data include simultaneously measured PM10 and/or PM2.5 mass on the one hand, and aerosol particle number concentrations or PM chemistry on the other hand. The aerosol data presented in our previous works (Van Dingenen et al., 2004, Putaud et al., 2004) were updated and merged to those collected in the framework of the EU supported European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical action COST633 (Particulate matter: Properties related to health effects). A number of conclusions from our previous studies were confirmed. There is no single ratio between PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations valid for all sites, although fairly constant ratios ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 are observed at most individual sites. There is no general correlation between PM mass and particle number concentrations, although particle number concentrations increase with PM2.5 levels at most sites. The main constituents of both PM10 and PM2.5 are generally organic matter, sulfate and nitrate. Mineral dust can also be a major constituent of PM10 at kerbside sites and in Southern Europe. There is a clear decreasing gradient in SO42? and NO3? contribution to PM10 when moving from rural to urban to kerbside sites. In contrast, the total carbon/PM10 ratio increases from rural to kerbside sites. Some new conclusions were also drawn from this work: the ratio between ultrafine particle and total particle number concentration decreases with PM2.5 concentration at all sites but one, and significant gradients in PM chemistry are observed when moving from Northwestern, to Southern to Central Europe. Compiling an even larger number of data sets would have further increased the significance of our conclusions, but collecting all the aerosol data sets obtained also through research projects remains a tedious task. 相似文献
82.
Pablo Iribarren Anacona Josie Kinney Marius Schaefer Stephan Harrison Ryan Wilson Alexis Segovia Bruno Mazzorana Felipe Guerra David Farías John M. Reynolds Neil F. Glasser 《Ambio》2018,47(8):835-845
The environmental, socioeconomic and cultural significance of glaciers has motivated several countries to regulate activities on glaciers and glacierized surroundings. However, laws written to specifically protect mountain glaciers have only recently been considered within national political agendas. Glacier Protection Laws (GPLs) originate in countries where mining has damaged glaciers and have been adopted with the aim of protecting the cryosphere from harmful activities. Here, we analyze GPLs in Argentina (approved) and Chile (under discussion) to identify potential environmental conflicts arising from law restrictions and omissions. We conclude that GPLs overlook the dynamics of glaciers and could prevent or delay actions needed to mitigate glacial hazards (e.g. artificial drainage of glacial lakes) thus placing populations at risk. Furthermore, GPL restrictions could hinder strategies (e.g. use of glacial lakes as reservoirs) to mitigate adverse impacts of climate change. Arguably, more flexible GPLs are needed to protect us from the changing cryosphere. 相似文献
83.
Microscale analytical methods for the quantitative detection of PCBs and PAHs in small tissue masses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Microscale methods (MM) were evaluated and compared to traditional methods (TM) for measuring polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spiked and standard reference fish and mussel tissues. MMs are advantageous because they use small tissue masses (ca. 100 mg), and maintain sensitivity through reducing final extract volume (traditionally 1 ml) by an order of magnitude or more (40 μl—PCBs; 100 μl—PAHs). Procedural losses occurred in the MMs’ combined cleanup/primary evaporation step (19% PAHs; 6% PCBs), and the final extract concentration (14% PAHs; 22% PCBs). The PAH MM performed comparably to the TM. Although most PCBs had recoveries >50%, the PCB MM generally yielded lower recoveries than the TM. Average method detection limits were 0.6 μg/kg (TM) and 1.0 μg/kg (MM) for PCBs and 25.7 μg/kg (TM) and 27.7 μg/kg (MM) for PAHs. MMs described for PCB and PAH tissue samples are potentially viable alternatives to TMs, and could lead to cost savings in bioaccumulation/toxicity tests. 相似文献
84.
爱尔兰海岸夏季空气颗粒物水溶性离子粒径分布研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了爱尔兰西海岸国际海洋大气研究站夏季(2002年8月12~22日)大西洋气团颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的含量与其粒径关系.海盐成分(Cl^-、SO4^2-、Na^+、Ca2+、Mg^2+、K^+)含量在粗颗粒物中随粒径呈双峰分布(0.8~30 μm),但Ca^2+和K+受陆域源影响,在亚微米颗粒区间出现另一分布峰(0.1~0.8 μm).二次颗粒物成分在所有颗粒物中均有检出;NO^3-呈广域宽带分布,其中大部分出现在海盐主峰区(0.8~8 μm,存在Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 4.4 μm两种模态);nss-SO4^2-(非海盐硫酸根)和NH^4+呈相关三峰分布(Dp 0.44 μm、Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 4.4 μm),CH3SO3-也呈相似三峰分布(Dp 0.44 μm、Dp 1.4 μm和Dp 8 μm),三者在亚微米颗粒区间同位出现主峰.二次颗粒物成分Dp 1.4 μm模态在海岸空气颗粒物研究文献中尚少见报道.讨论了亚微米区间二次颗粒物盐类的化学形态.TSP中nss-SO4^2-、NO^3-、NH^4+和CH3SO^3-的日均浓度分别为0.279、0.171、0.158和0.041 μg/m^3. 相似文献
85.
Nitrogen uptake kinetics in three year-classes of Laminaria groenlandica (Laminariales: Phaeophyta) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Nitrate and ammonium uptake rates were measured for three year-classes of the perennial macrophyte Laminaria groenlandica Rosenvinge, collected from nitrogen-depleted waters in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada, in summer 1981. A time course of uptake rate revealed that ammonium uptake was high during the first hour and then decreased for all three year-classes; the opposite pattern was exhibited for the time course of nitrate uptake rate. Nitrate uptake rate increased linearly with nitrate concentration up to the highest level tested (60 M). The nitrate uptake rate of first-year plants was three times higher than second- and third-year plants; ammonium uptake rates showed similar patterns to those for nitrate. The interaction between nitrate and ammonium was examined for first-year plants. Nitrate and ammonium were taken up simultaneously and uptake rates were identical and equal to uptake rates when only nitrate or ammonium was present in the medium. Therefore, first-year plants are able to take up twice as much inorganic nitrogen per unit time when both nitrate and ammonium are present. First-year plants showed significant diel periodicity in ammonium uptake rates, whereas second- and third-year plants showed no periodicity in nitrate or ammonium uptake rates. 相似文献
86.
The effect of sublethal additions of mercuric chloride on the marine diatomSkeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve grown in NH4-limited chemostats and batch cultures was assessed. In short-term Hg exposure experiments (up to 5 h), the effect of Hg on ammonium uptake rates was studied by simulatneously perturbing the culture with 5 M NH4 Cl and Hg concentrations ranging from 0.04 to 5.52 nM HgCl2. The threshold of Hg toxicity occurred between 1.8 and 3.7 nM, based on a decrease in ammonium uptake rates. When the NH4-limited culture was starved of ammonium for 30 h, the threshold of Hg toxicity decreased about an order of magnitude to 0.2 nM. In long-term Hg exposure experiments (679.5 h), NH4-limited continuous cultures were semi-continuously exposed to 0.37 and 3.68 nM HgCl2. After 4 days, the cell density in the Hg-treated chemostats began to drastically decline. After about 16 days these populations recovered, even though Hg additions continued. At the end of the experiment (26 days), cell densities had reached the levels observed at the beginning of the experiment. The reason for the recovery is unknown, but several possibilities are discussed. Ammonium uptake rates determined during the time-course of this long-term Hg exposure, indicated that these NH4-limited cultures exhibited a significant loss in their ability to take up ammonium at low concentrations (e.g. 1 M). Thus, mercury pollution may seriously decrease the ability of a species to utilize the limiting nutrient during periods of seasonal nutrient limitation. 相似文献
87.
Using the marine harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus, the effects of phytoplankton feeding deterrents and toxins were differentiated and measured. Eight compounds were tested
for feeding deterrence and toxicity responses: four apo-fucoxanthinoids (apo-10′-fucoxanthinal, apo-12′-fucoxanthinal, apo-12-fucoxanthinal,
and apo-13′-fucoxanthinone) and four well-known phycotoxins (domoic acid, okadaic acid, microcystin-LR, and a mixture of PSP-1
toxins). Since several of these compounds exhibited both feeding deterrence and toxicity, a model was developed to deconvolute
the observed toxicity response from the observed feeding deterrence response, and to classify these compounds based on the
degree of toxicity and/or feeding deterrence they exhibited towards T. californicus. Microcystin-LR, the PSP-1 toxins, and the four apo-fucoxanthinoids behaved only as feeding deterrents at low concentrations.
Okadaic acid exhibited both toxicity and feeding deterrence at low concentrations, with the threshold concentration for feeding
deterrence at a lower level than the threshold concentration for toxicity. Domoic acid acted only as a toxin at low concentrations,
with all decreases in feeding resulting from the death of the copepod.
Received: 4 November 1996 / Accepted: 3 December 1996 相似文献
88.
It is generally accepted that decentralized policy choice in the presence of interjurisdictional spillovers is inefficient. Strikingly, Ogawa and Wildasin (2009) find that in a model with heterogenous jurisdictions, interjurisdictional capital flows, and interjurisdictional environmental damage spillovers, decentralized planning outcomes are equivalent to that under a centralized planner. We first show the critical importance of two key assumptions (no retirement of capital, fixed environmental damages per unit of capital) in obtaining this result. Second, we consider a more general model allowing for capital retirement and abatement activities and show that the outcome of a decentralized market generally differs from the solution of a centralized planner?s social welfare-maximizing problem. 相似文献
89.
David A. Wiedenfeld Allison C. Alberts Ariadne Angulo Elizabeth L. Bennett Onnie Byers Topiltzin Contreras-MacBeath Gláucia Drummond Gustavo A. B. da Fonseca Claude Gascon Ian Harrison Nicolas Heard Axel Hochkirch William Konstant Penny F. Langhammer Olivier Langrand Frederic Launay Daniel J. Lebbin Susan Lieberman Barney Long Zhi Lu Michael Maunder Russell A. Mittermeier Sanjay Molur Razan Khalifa al Mubarak Michael J. Parr Jonah Ratsimbazafy Anders G. J. Rhodin Anthony B. Rylands Jim Sanderson Wes Sechrest Pritpal Soorae Jatna Supriatna Amy Upgren Jean-Christophe Vié Li Zhang 《Conservation biology》2021,35(5):1388-1395
Some conservation prioritization methods are based on the assumption that conservation needs overwhelm current resources and not all species can be conserved; therefore, a conservation triage scheme (i.e., when the system is overwhelmed, species should be divided into three groups based on likelihood of survival, and efforts should be focused on those species in the group with the best survival prospects and reduced or denied to those in the group with no survival prospects and to those in the group not needing special efforts for their conservation) is necessary to guide resource allocation. We argue that this decision-making strategy is not appropriate because resources are not as limited as often assumed, and it is not evident that there are species that cannot be conserved. Small population size alone, for example, does not doom a species to extinction; plants, reptiles, birds, and mammals offer examples. Although resources dedicated to conserving all threatened species are insufficient at present, the world's economic resources are vast, and greater resources could be dedicated toward species conservation. The political framework for species conservation has improved, with initiatives such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other international agreements, funding mechanisms such as The Global Environment Facility, and the rise of many nongovernmental organizations with nimble, rapid-response small grants programs. For a prioritization system to allow no extinctions, zero extinctions must be an explicit goal of the system. Extinction is not inevitable, and should not be acceptable. A goal of no human-induced extinctions is imperative given the irreversibility of species loss. 相似文献
90.