长三角地区2017～2020年臭氧浓度时空分布与人群健康效益评估

近年来,我国臭氧(O₃)浓度呈升高趋势,成为仅次于PM_2.5影响空气质量的重要因素.为掌握长三角地区蓝天保卫战实施期间O₃时空变化特征和人群健康影响,采用莫兰指数和冷热点空间统计方法分析了长三角地区2017～2020年210个监测站点O₃浓度时空特征,并利用健康风险和环境价值评价法评估了长三角区域人群O₃暴露水平变化的健康收益.结果表明,2017～2020年,长三角地区O₃年均值和暖季均值的四分位数范围(IQR)呈现从高浓度向低浓度位移的趋势.暖季和冷季O₃浓度均值均呈现北高南低的空间分布态势.暖季O₃浓度均值在长三角北部和中部腹地城市出现高浓度O₃集聚的特征.区域O₃年均暴露浓度超过160μg·m^-3及以上的人口比例由2017年的72.3%降低至2020年的34.8%.三省一市人口加权年均O₃暴露浓度总体呈现下降趋势,但长三...     

Data quality evaluation and calibration of on-road remote sensing systems based on exhaust plumes

In recent years, with rapid increases in the number of vehicles in China, the contribution of vehicle exhaust emissions to air pollution has become increasingly prominent. To achieve the precise control of emissions, on-road remote sensing (RS) technology has been developed and applied for law enforcement and supervision. However, data quality is still an existing issue affecting the development and application of RS. In this study, the RS data from a cross-road RS system used at a single site (from 2012 to 2015) were collected, the data screening process was reviewed, the issues with data quality were summarized, a new method of data screening and calibration was proposed, and the effectiveness of the improved data quality control methods was finally evaluated. The results showed that this method reduces the skewness and kurtosis of the data distribution by up to nearly 67%, which restores the actual characteristics of exhaust diffusion and is conducive to the identification of actual clean and high-emission vehicles. The annual variability of emission factors of nitric oxide decreases by 60% – on average – eliminating the annual drift of fleet emissions and improving data reliability.     

Review of the influencing factors of secondary organic aerosol formation and aging mechanism based on photochemical smog chamber simulation methods

The formation and aging mechanism of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and its influencing factors have attracted increasing attention in recent years because of their effects on climate change, atmospheric quality and human health. However, there are still large errors between air quality model simulation results and field observations. The currently undetected components during the formation and aging of SOA due to the limitation of current monitoring techniques and the interactions among multiple SOA formation influencing factors might be the main reasons for the differences. In this paper, we present a detailed review of the complex dynamic physical and chemical processes and the corresponding influencing factors involved in SOA formation and aging. And all these results were mainly based the studies of photochemical smog chamber simulation. Although the properties of precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), oxidants (such as OH radicals), and atmospheric environmental factors (such as NO_x, SO₂, NH₃, light intensity, temperature, humidity and seed aerosols) jointly influence the products and yield of SOA, the nucleation and vapor pressure of these products were found to be the most fundamental aspects when interpreting the dynamics of the SOA formation and aging process. The development of techniques for measuring intermediate species in SOA generation processes and the study of SOA generation and aging mechanism in complex systems should be important topics of future SOA research.     

建筑物用阻燃型抗爆弹性涂层的研发及其发展趋势分析

针对石化行业爆炸和火灾的风险特点,简要分析了石化行业建筑物抗爆需求和涂层阻燃技术及卤系、磷系、无机、复合阻燃剂的特点,开发了一种阻燃型抗爆弹性涂层,实验结果表明当阻燃剂含量在15％时,涂层材料的放热峰值下降80％,材料燃烧性能可达到B2级,具有优异的阻燃性能.     

液化天然气装卸泄漏扩散模拟研究

针对目前国内LNG槽车装卸采用万向旋转接卸臂+法兰盘接头进行LNG装卸作业,可能出现泄漏的位置为法兰盘接头和万向旋转接头情况,利用有限元仿真软件对LNG装卸时万向旋转接头密封完全失效进行模拟,计算得到泄漏量为1.507 t/h;并针对某接收站采用PHAST软件模拟计算法兰接头全脱、局部破裂及万向旋转接头密封意外失效工况下,LNG泄漏扩散情况,分析得到泄漏孔径、泄漏时间、天气条件对于形成可燃气云尺寸及扩散范围的影响情况,法兰接头完全脱开时泄漏形成气云的最大距离和最大面积为万向旋转接头密封失效泄漏时的12倍和1 000倍。LNG槽车装卸采用法兰盘接头,LNG泄漏可燃气云覆盖面积大,存在巨大爆炸风险,应开展LNG低温干式接头研究,避免LNG装卸接头泄漏爆炸事故发生。     

Ornamental Marine Species Culture in the Coral Triangle: Seahorse Demonstration Project in the Spermonde Islands,Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ornamental marine species (‘OMS’) provide valuable income for developing nations in the Indo-Pacific Coral Triangle, from which most of the specimens are exported. OMS culture can help diversify livelihoods in the region, in support of management and conservation efforts to reduce destructive fishing and collection practices that threaten coral reef and seagrass ecosystems. Adoption of OMS culture depends on demonstrating its success as a livelihood, yet few studies of OMS culture exist in the region. We present a case study of a land-based culture project for an endangered seahorse (Hippocampus barbouri) in the Spermonde Islands, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The business model demonstrated that culturing can increase family income by seven times. A Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats (SWOT) analysis indicated good collaboration among diverse stakeholders and opportunities for culturing non-endangered species and for offshoot projects, but complicated permitting was an issue as were threats of market flooding and production declines. The OMS international market is strong, Indonesian exporters expressed great interest in cultured product, and Indonesia is the largest exporting country for H. barbouri. Yet, a comparison of Indonesia ornamental marine fish exports to fish abundance in a single local market indicated that OMS culture cannot replace fishing livelihoods. Nevertheless, seahorse and other OMS culture can play a role in management and conservation by supplementing and diversifying the fishing and collecting livelihoods in the developing nations that provide the majority of the global OMS.     

1980~2016年陕西省冬季霾日数时空变化及增多成因初探

利用陕西省地面气象观测站观测资料、中国国家统计局统计资料、美国NASA的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）资料以及NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,对1980~2016年陕西省冬季霾日数的时空变化特征及可能原因进行了分析,结果表明：（1）1980~2016年冬季陕西省平均霾日数为12d左右,并且伴有明显的年代际变化;其中1980~2012年冬季霾日数波动明显,1980~1993年偏多,1994~2012年偏少,2013年之后霾日数增加明显.（2）1980~2016年冬季陕西的霾日数有显著的区域差异.关中地区的霾日数最多,平均每年大于18d;陕南地区次之,年平均霾日数为10d左右;陕北地区最少,平均霾日数仅3d左右.陕北、关中、陕南3大区域冬季的霾日数均在2013年后出现了明显的增多.（3）2000~2016年冬季MODIS卫星监测的陕西AOD在关中咸阳、西安、渭南以及汉中南部和安康南部存在明显的高值区,大于0.4,其中关中气溶胶高值区域与关中地区霾日数大值区域有很好的对应关系.（4）2013~2016年冬季我国中东部的对流层低层的东风异常是向陕西关中地区输送气溶胶的有利条件,是霾天气的产生原因之一;2013~2016年陕西冬季对流层低层存在一个明显的位温梯度增大的区域,是不利于霾向高空扩散的大气层结条件,是霾日数明显增加的另一个原因.     

基于线性混合效应模型的河北省PM2.5浓度时空变化模型研究

京津冀地区大气PM_2.5污染严重.为揭示区域PM_2.5时空分布规律,使用2013-2014年河北省地面站点PM_2.5监测数据、MODIS AOD（气溶胶光学厚度）遥感数据、地面气象站点数据和土地利用调查数据,基于线性混合效应模型（LME）,建立了ρ（PM_2.5）时空变化与AOD因子、气象因子、土地利用因子之间的关系模型.采用十折交叉验证法对模型精度进行检验,并利用计算得到的校正因子[全部实测的ρ（PM_2.5）年均值除以参与建模的所有实测ρ（PM_2.5）年均值]纠正因AOD非随机性缺值导致的抽样偏差.结果表明:①河北省区域模拟精度R2（决定系数）为0.85,经交叉验证后R2为0.77,RMSE（均方根误差）和RPE（相对预测误差）分别为18.28 μg/m3和28.68%.②ρ（PM_2.5）年均值模拟结果的校正因子范围为1.24~2.05,校正后的研究区ρ（PM_2.5）年均值为89.84 μg/m3,与实际监测数据相近.③ρ（PM_2.5）空间分布呈平原高、山区低,平原地区西南高、东北低的趋势.④ρ（PM_2.5）与AOD、温度、相对湿度呈正相关,与风速、大气能见度呈负相关.研究显示,线性混合效应模型能有效对ρ（PM_2.5）进行时空变化模拟,并实现对非地面监测地区ρ（PM_2.5）时空变化的预测,恰当的预测因子组合和模型校正有助于模型预测精度的提升.      

Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China

A continuous online observation of ozone and its precursors(NOx, VOCs) was carried out in central urban Wuhan from September 2016 to August 2017. The concentration levels of ozone,NOx, VOCs and their variations in urban Wuhan were analyzed, as well as effects of VOCs on ozone photochemical generation and the main controlling factors for ozone production. During the observation period, the average concentrations of ozone and NOx in Wuhan was 22.63 and30.14 ppbv, respectively, and the average concentration of VOCs was 32.61 ppbv(42.3% alkanes,13.0% alkenes, 10.0% aromatics, 7.3% acetylene, 9.9% OVOCs, and 10.5% halohydrocarbons).Ozone concentration was higher in spring and summer as compared with autumn and winter,wheras VOCs and NOx concentratios were lower in spring and summer but higher in autumn and winter. Aromatics and alkenes, two of VOCs species, showed the highest contributions to ozone formation potential in Wuhan(35.7% alkenes, 35.4 aromatics, 17.5% alkanes, 8.6% OVOCs,1.6% halogenated hydrocarbons, and 1.4% acetylene). Among all VOCs species, those with the highest contribution were ethylene, m-xylene, toluene, propylene and o-xylene. The contribution of these five compounds to the total ozone formation potential concentration was 43.90%.Ozone-controlling factors in Wuhan changed within one day; during the early morning hours(6:00–9:00), VOCs/NOx was low, and ozone generation followed a VOCs-limited regime.However, during the peak time of ozone concentration(12:00–16:00), the ratio of VOCs/NOx was relatively high, suggesting that ozone generation followed a NOx-limited regime.