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191.
192.
Wang Hui Chen Zijian Walker Tony R. Wang Yinggang Luo Qing Wu Hao Wang Xiaoxu 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2022,44(10):3639-3654
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Characteristics, profile composition, ecological and human health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface dust collected from Shenyang city,... 相似文献
193.
Studying citizen science through adaptive management and learning feedbacks as mechanisms for improving conservation
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Rebecca Jordan Steven Gray Amanda Sorensen Greg Newman David Mellor Greg Newman Cindy Hmelo‐Silver Shannon LaDeau Dawn Biehler Alycia Crall 《Conservation biology》2016,30(3):487-495
Citizen science has generated a growing interest among scientists and community groups, and citizen science programs have been created specifically for conservation. We examined collaborative science, a highly interactive form of citizen science, which we developed within a theoretically informed framework. In this essay, we focused on 2 aspects of our framework: social learning and adaptive management. Social learning, in contrast to individual‐based learning, stresses collaborative and generative insight making and is well‐suited for adaptive management. Adaptive‐management integrates feedback loops that are informed by what is learned and is guided by iterative decision making. Participants engaged in citizen science are able to add to what they are learning through primary data collection, which can result in the real‐time information that is often necessary for conservation. Our work is particularly timely because research publications consistently report a lack of established frameworks and evaluation plans to address the extent of conservation outcomes in citizen science. To illustrate how our framework supports conservation through citizen science, we examined how 2 programs enacted our collaborative science framework. Further, we inspected preliminary conservation outcomes of our case‐study programs. These programs, despite their recent implementation, are demonstrating promise with regard to positive conservation outcomes. To date, they are independently earning funds to support research, earning buy‐in from local partners to engage in experimentation, and, in the absence of leading scientists, are collecting data to test ideas. We argue that this success is due to citizen scientists being organized around local issues and engaging in iterative, collaborative, and adaptive learning. 相似文献
194.
Clifford Warwick Catrina Steedman Mike Jessop Elaine Toland Samantha Lindley 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2014,27(1):87-101
Pet animal management is subject to varied husbandry practices and the resulting consequences often impact negatively on animal welfare. The perceptions held by someone who proposes to keep an animal regarding the ease or difficulty with which its biological needs can be provided for in captivity are key factors in whether that animal is acquired and how well or poorly it does. We propose a system to ‘score’ animals and assign them to categories indicating the ease or difficulty with which they can be kept as pets in accordance with welfare and public health and safety considerations. The ‘EMODE’ (‘Easy’, ‘Moderate’, ‘Difficult’, ‘Extreme’) system has two fundamental components: animal welfare—which considers the ‘five freedoms’ principles; and public health and safety—which considers management associated with risks from disease or injury to the keeper and to others. EMODE incorporates two tiers of assessment and guidance, and may offer a reasonable guide for the majority of relevant animals. EMODE Tier 1 provides a primary and general assessment of animals by class or group, and EMODE Tier 2 provides a secondary refined assessment of animals by species or breed. EMODE offers a user-friendly and versatile foundation concept for the future development of guidance for the layperson who may be considering acquiring a pet or for certain personnel when considering assigning species to restrictive lists of suitable animals, for example, ‘positive lists’ as used by governments to control animals in trade and keeping. 相似文献
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L.P. Walker G.B. VanderGheynst 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(10):1041-1050
ABSTRACT Oxygen (O2) sensors have been developed for in situ measurement of O2 in high-solids degradation processes. The O2 sensor has been shown to withstand the corrosive environment of the biodegradation process with high humidity and temperatures exceeding 60 oC. Calibration tests prior to and after in situ operation showed the sensor to perform accurately and reproducibly after 71 days of in situ operation. A linear relationship between O2-sensor output and water vapor pressure was confirmed through calibration experiments. To compensate for the effect of water vapor pressure on O2-sensor measurements, O2 concentration was expressed on a dry air basis using the confirmed linear relationship. In situ O2-sensor output expressed on a dry air basis was found to follow trends of gas samples analyzed by gas chromatography with good agreement. 相似文献
199.
AbstractObjective: The objective of this research study is to estimate the benefit to pedestrians if all U.S. cars, light trucks, and vans were equipped with an automated braking system that had pedestrian detection capabilities.Methods: A theoretical automatic emergency braking (AEB) model was applied to real-world vehicle–pedestrian collisions from the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS). A series of potential AEB systems were modeled across the spectrum of expected system designs. Both road surface conditions and pedestrian visibility were accounted for in the model. The impact speeds of a vehicle without AEB were compared to the estimated impact speeds of vehicles with a modeled pedestrian detecting AEB system. These impacts speeds were used in conjunction with an injury and fatality model to determine risk of Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale of 3 or higher (MAIS 3+) injury and fatality.Results: AEB systems with pedestrian detection capability, across the spectrum of expected design parameters, reduced fatality risk when compared to human drivers. The most beneficial system (time-to-collision [TTC]?=?1.5?s, latency = 0?s) decreased fatality risk in the target population between 84 and 87% and injury risk (MAIS score 3+) between 83 and 87%.Conclusions: Though not all crashes could be avoided, AEB significantly mitigated risk to pedestrians. The longer the TTC of braking and the shorter the latency value, the higher benefits showed by the AEB system. All AEB models used in this study were estimated to reduce fatalities and injuries and were more effective when combined with driver braking. 相似文献
200.
Stephen C. Votier W. James Grecian Samantha Patrick Jason Newton 《Marine Biology》2011,158(2):355-362
Seabird populations contain large numbers of immatures––in some instances comprising >50% of the fully grown adults in the
population. These birds are significant components of marine food webs and may contribute to compensatory recruitment and
dispersal, but remain severely understudied. Here, we use GPS-PTTs, radio-tracking and analysis of stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes to investigate the movements and foraging ecology of immature seabirds. Our study focussed on immature northern
gannets Morus bassanus aged 2–4 attending non-breeding aggregations alongside a large breeding colony. GPS-PTT tracking of five birds revealed that
immatures have the ability to disperse widely during the breeding season, with some individuals potentially prospecting at
other colonies. Overall, however, immatures were faithful to the colony of capture. During returns to the focal colony, immatures
acted as central place foragers, conducted looping and commuting flights, and analysis of the variance in first-passage time
revealed evidence of area-restricted search (ARS) behaviour. In addition, stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analyses indicate that immatures were isotopically segregated from breeders. Our findings provide insights into
the foraging, prospecting and dispersal behaviour of immature seabirds, which may have important implications for understanding
seabird ecology and conservation. 相似文献