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151.
Marina M. S. Cabral Pinto A. Paula Marinho-Reis Agostinho Almeida Carlos M. Ordens Maria M. V. G. Silva Sandra Freitas Mário R. Simões Paula I. Moreira Pedro A. Dinis M. Luísa Diniz Eduardo A. Ferreira da Silva M. Teresa Condesso de Melo 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2018,40(5):1767-1784
New lines of evidence suggest that less than 10% of neurodegenerative diseases have a strict genetic aetiology and other factors may be prevalent. Environmental exposures to potentially toxic elements appear to be a risk factor for Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s and sclerosis diseases. This study proposes a multidisciplinary approach combining neurosciences, psychology and environmental sciences while integrating socio-economic, neuropsychological, environmental and health data. We present the preliminary results of a neuropsychological assessment carried out in elderly residents of the industrial city of Estarreja. A battery of cognitive tests and a personal questionnaire were administered to the participants. Multivariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to identify potential relationships between the cognitive status of the participants and environmental exposure to potentially toxic elements. The results suggest a relationship between urinary PTEs levels and the incidence of cognitive disorders. They also point towards water consumption habits and profession as relevant factors of exposure. Linear regression models show that aluminium (R 2 = 38%), cadmium (R 2 = 11%) and zinc (R 2 = 6%) are good predictors of the scores of the Mini-Mental State Examination cognitive test. Median contents (µg/l) in groundwater are above admissible levels for drinking water for aluminium (371), iron (860), manganese (250), and zinc (305). While the World Health Organization does not provide health-based reference values for aluminium, results obtained from this study suggest that it may have an important role in the cognitive status of the elderly. Urine proved to be a suitable biomarker of exposure both to elements with low and high excretion rates. 相似文献
152.
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology - Scents play an important role in the life of most terrestrial mammals and may transmit valuable information about conspecifics. Olfaction was long considered... 相似文献
153.
Marie-Lise Schläppy Sandra I. Schöttner Gaute Lavik Marcel M. M. Kuypers Dirk de Beer Friederike Hoffmann 《Marine Biology》2010,157(3):593-602
Aerobic and anaerobic microbial key processes were quantified and compared to microbial numbers and morphological structure
in Mediterranean sponges. Direct counts on histological sections stained with DAPI showed that sponges with high microbial
abundances (HMA sponges) have a denser morphological structure with a reduced aquiferous system compared to low microbial
abundance (LMA) sponges. In Dysidea avara, the LMA sponge, rates of nitrification and denitrification were higher than in the HMA sponge Chondrosia reniformis, while anaerobic ammonium oxidation and sulfate reduction were below detection in both species. This study shows that LMA
sponges may host physiologically similar microbes with comparable or even higher metabolic rates than HMA sponges, and that
anaerobic processes such as denitrification can be found both in HMA and LMA sponges. A higher concentration of microorganisms
in the mesohyl of HMA compared to LMA sponges may indicate a stronger retention of and, hence, a possible benefit from associated
microbes. 相似文献
154.
António O. Soares Danny Haelewaters Olga M. C. C. Ameixa Isabel Borges Peter M. J. Brown Pedro Cardoso Michiel D. de Groot Edward W. Evans Audrey A. Grez Axel Hochkirch Milada Holecová Alois Honěk Ján Kulfan Ana I. Lillebø Zdenka Martinková J. P. Michaud Oldřich Nedvěd Omkar Helen E. Roy Swati Saxena Apoorva Shandilya Arnaud Sentis Jiri Skuhrovec Sandra Viglášová Peter Zach Tania Zaviezo John E. Losey 《Conservation biology》2023,37(1):e13965
Ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) provide services that are critical to food production, and they fulfill an ecological role as a food source for predators. The richness, abundance, and distribution of ladybirds, however, are compromised by many anthropogenic threats. Meanwhile, a lack of knowledge of the conservation status of most species and the factors driving their population dynamics hinders the development and implementation of conservation strategies for ladybirds. We conducted a review of the literature on the ecology, diversity, and conservation of ladybirds to identify their key ecological threats. Ladybird populations are most affected by climate factors, landscape composition, and biological invasions. We suggest mitigating actions for ladybird conservation and recovery. Short-term actions include citizen science programs and education, protective measures for habitat recovery and threatened species, prevention of the introduction of non-native species, and the maintenance and restoration of natural areas and landscape heterogeneity. Mid-term actions involve the analysis of data from monitoring programs and insect collections to disentangle the effect of different threats to ladybird populations, understand habitat use by taxa on which there is limited knowledge, and quantify temporal trends of abundance, diversity, and biomass along a management-intensity gradient. Long-term actions include the development of a worldwide monitoring program based on standardized sampling to fill data gaps, increase explanatory power, streamline analyses, and facilitate global collaborations. 相似文献
155.
Development of a Bird Integrity Index: Measuring Avian Response to Disturbance in the Blue Mountains of Oregon, USA 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bryce SA 《Environmental management》2006,38(3):470-486
The Bird Integrity Index (BII) presented here uses bird assemblage information to assess human impacts to 28 stream reaches
in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon. Eighty-one candidate metrics were extracted from bird survey data for testing. The
metrics represented aspects of bird taxonomic richness, tolerance or intolerance to human disturbance, dietary preferences,
foraging techniques, and nesting strategies that were expected to be positively or negatively affected by human activities
in the region. To evaluate the responsiveness of each metric, it was plotted against an index of reach and watershed disturbance
that included attributes of land use/land cover, road density, riparian cover, mining impacts, and percent area in clearcut
and partial-cut logging. Nine of the 81 candidate bird metrics remained after eliminating unresponsive and highly correlated
metrics. Individual metric scores ranged from 0 to 10, and BII scores varied between 0 and 100. BII scores varied from 78.6
for a minimally disturbed, reference stream reach to 30.4 for the most highly disturbed stream reach. The BII responded clearly
to varying riparian conditions and to the cumulative effects of disturbances, such as logging, grazing, and mining, which
are common in the mountains of eastern Oregon. This BII for eastern Oregon was compared to an earlier BII developed for the
agricultural and urban disturbance regime of the Willamette Valley in western Oregon. The BII presented here was sensitive
enough to distinguish differences in condition among stream riparian zones with disturbances that were not as obvious or irreversible
as those in the agricultural/urban conditions of western Oregon. 相似文献
156.
Soil microbial and faunal community responses to bt maize and insecticide in two soils 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Griffiths BS Caul S Thompson J Birch AN Scrimgeour C Cortet J Foggo A Hackett CA Krogh PH 《Journal of environmental quality》2006,35(3):734-741
The effects of maize (Zea mays L.), genetically modified to express the Cry1Ab protein (Bt), and an insecticide on soil microbial and faunal communities were assessed in a glasshouse experiment. Soil for the experiment was taken from field sites where the same maize cultivars were grown to allow comparison between results under glasshouse conditions with those from field trials. Plants were grown in contrasting sandy loam and clay loam soils, half were sprayed with a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin) and soil samples taken at the five-leaf stage, flowering, and maturity. The main effect on all measured parameters was that of soil type and there were no effects of Bt trait or insecticide on plant growth. The Bt trait resulted in more soil nematodes and protozoa (amoebae), whereas insecticide application increased plant Bt concentration and altered nematode community structure. The only significant effects on soil microbial community structure, microarthropods, and larvae of a nontarget root-feeding Dipteran, were due to soil type and plant growth stage. The results indicate that, although there were statistically significant effects of the Bt trait on soil populations, they were small. The relative magnitude of the effect could best be judged by comparison with the insecticide treatment, which was representative of current best practice. The Bt trait had no greater effect than the insecticide treatment. Results from this glasshouse experiment were in broad agreement with conclusions from field experiments using the same plant material grown in the same soils. 相似文献
157.
Magnoli Karen Carranza Cecilia Soledad Aluffi Melisa Eglé Magnoli Carina Elizabeth Barberis Carla Lorena 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2020,27(31):38501-38512
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - One of the main herbicides used in the agricultural environments is 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). It is a synthetic plant hormone auxin... 相似文献
158.
The net ecosystem carbon exchange of human-modified environments in the Australian Capital Region 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Luciana Laura Porfirio Will Steffen Damian J. Barrett Sandra L. Berry 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(1):1-12
As part of a larger study to quantify and map ecosystem services in southeast Australia, we estimated carbon stored in biomass
and soils and the net ecosystem carbon exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere in the Australian Capital Region
(ACR). Our aim was to understand and quantify how different human-modified landscapes provide an essential ecosystem service:
the exchange and storage of carbon in the landscape. Using a remote sensing based modelling methodology, we obtained values
of Net Primary Productivity (NPP), total carbon in soil and biomass and carbon turnover from meteorological and terrain inputs
and vegetation attributes. We obtained a set of maps of NPP, total carbon (C) storage and C-turnover for the ACR. We superimposed
a land use/cover map to assign the uptake, storage and release of carbon to different land use/cover types. Our results support
the hypothesis that human-intensive land uses significantly affect the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to provide an important
ecosystem service in the form of carbon storage. 相似文献
159.
Eduardo S. Brondizio Nathan D. Vogt Andressa V. Mansur Edward J. Anthony Sandra Costa Scott Hetrick 《Sustainability Science》2016,11(4):591-609
At the nexus of watersheds, land, coastal areas, oceans, and human settlements, river delta regions pose specific challenges to environmental governance and sustainability. Using the Amazon Estuary-Delta region (AD) as our focus, we reflect on the challenges created by the high degree of functional interdependencies shaping social–ecological dynamics of delta regions. The article introduces the initial design of a conceptual framework to analyze delta regions as coupled social–ecological systems (SES). The first part of the framework is used to define a delta SES according to a problem and/or collective action dilemma. Five components can be used to define a delta SES: social–economic systems, governance systems, ecosystems-resource systems, topographic-hydrological systems, and oceanic-climate systems. These components are used in association with six types of telecoupling conditions: socio-demographic, economic, governance, ecological, material, and climatic-hydrological. The second part of the framework presents a strategy for the analysis of collective action problems in delta regions, from sub-delta/local to delta to basin levels. This framework is intended to support both case studies and comparative analysis. The article provides illustrative applications of the framework to the AD. First, we apply the framework to define and characterize the AD as coupled SES. We then utilize the framework to diagnose an example of collective action problem related to the impacts of urban growth, and urban and industrial pollution on small-scale fishing resources. We argue that the functional interdependencies characteristic of delta regions require new approaches to understand, diagnose, and evaluate the current and future impacts of social–ecological changes and potential solutions to the sustainability dilemmas of delta regions. 相似文献
160.
Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds--comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Commercially used per- and polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) have been widely detected in humans, but the sources of human exposure are not fully characterized. The objectives of this study were to assess the relative importance of different exposure pathways of PFCs in a group of Norwegians and compare estimated intakes with internal doses obtained through biomonitoring. Individual PFC intakes from multiple exposure sources for a study group of 41 Norwegian women were estimated using measured PFC concentrations in indoor air and house dust as well as information from food frequency questionnaires and PFC concentrations in Norwegian food. Food was generally the major exposure source, representing 67-84% of the median total intake for PFOA and 88-99% for PFOS using different dust ingestion rates and biotransformation factors of 'precursor' compounds. However, on an individual basis, the indoor environment accounted for up to around 50% of the total intake for several women. Significant positive associations between concentrations of PFCs in house dust and the corresponding serum concentrations underline the importance of indoor environment as an exposure pathway for PFCs. For breast-fed infants, breast milk was calculated to be the single most important source to PFCs by far. The estimated intakes were confirmed by comparing serum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS calculated using PK models, with the corresponding concentrations measured in serum. Even though food in general is the major source of exposure for PFCs, the indoor environment may be an important contributor to human exposure. This study provides valuable knowledge for risk assessment of PFCs and control strategies. 相似文献