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81.
Sandra Bhatasara 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2013,15(6):1527-1541
Small- and large-scale mining land acquisitions and mining establishments continue to grow in Zimbabwe, but the question about the development of sustainability remains problematic. While mining establishments can be regarded as vehicles for development, the evidence of positive effects in terms of sustainability in this case is weak. The mining-sustainability nexus is characterized by conflicts regarding livelihoods, the environment, culture, and social relations. The paper argues that local sustainability challenges generated by mining activities cannot be resolved as long as there is institutionalized exclusion of local communities, hence, aspects such as revision of the current Mines and Minerals Act, involvement of communities affected by the extraction of granite, opportunities for skills development and training involving traditional leaders, children, youth, and women, extending community driven share-ownership schemes to granite mining and enforcing site remediation should be considered as crucial steps toward the development of sustainability in the mining sector. 相似文献
82.
Caitlin E. Andrews Sandra H. Anderson Karin van der Walt Rose Thorogood John G. Ewen 《Conservation biology》2022,36(4):e13892
Conservation translocation is a common method for species recovery, for which one increasingly frequent objective is restoring lost ecological functions to promote ecosystem recovery. However, few conservation translocation programs explicitly state or monitor function as an objective, limiting the ability to test assumptions, learn from past efforts, and improve management. We evaluated whether translocations of hihi (Notiomystis cincta), a threatened New Zealand passerine, achieved their implicit objective of restoring lost pollination function. Through a pollinator-exclusion experiment, we quantified, with log response ratios (lnR), the effects of birds on fruit set and seed quality in hangehange (Geniostoma ligustrifolium), a native flowering shrub. We isolated the contributions of hihi by making comparisons across sites with and without hihi. Birds improved fruit set more at sites without hihi (lnR = 1.27) than sites with hihi (lnR = 0.50), suggesting other avian pollinators compensated for and even exceeded hihi contributions to fruit set. Although birds improved seed germination only at hihi sites (lnR = 0.22–0.41), plants at sites without hihi had germination rates similar to hihi sites because they produced 26% more filled seeds, regardless of pollination condition. Therefore, although our results showed hihi improved seed quality, they also highlighted the complexity of ecological functions. When an important species is lost, ecosystems may be able to achieve similar function through different means. Our results underscore the importance of stating and monitoring the ecological benefits of conservation translocations when functional restoration is a motivation to ensure these programs are achieving their objectives. 相似文献
83.
Gardia-Parège Caroline Kim Tiam Sandra Budzinski Hélène Mazzella Nicolas Devier Marie-Hélène Morin Soizic 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(20):29368-29381
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Effect-directed analysis (EDA) aims at identifying the compound(s) responsible for toxicity in a complex environmental sample where several dozens of... 相似文献
84.
Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Evapotranspiration (ET) plays an important role in agricultural water management and crop modeling. The highest mean annual ET values (889–1016 mm)... 相似文献
85.
Constitutive and induced defenses to herbivory in above- and belowground plant tissues 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A recent surge in attention devoted to the ecology of soil biota has prompted interest in quantifying similarities and differences between interactions occurring in above- and belowground communities. Furthermore, linkages that interconnect the dynamics of these two spatially distinct ecosystems are increasingly documented. We use a similar approach in the context of understanding plant defenses to herbivory, including how they are allocated between leaves and roots (constitutive defenses), and potential cross-system linkages (induced defenses). To explore these issues we utilized three different empirical approaches. First, we manipulated foliar and root herbivory on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and measured changes in the secondary chemistry of above- and belowground tissues. Second, we reviewed published studies that compared levels of secondary chemistry between leaves and roots to determine how plants distribute putative defense chemicals across the above- and belowground systems. Last, we used meta-analysis to quantify the impact of induced responses across plant tissue types. In the tobacco system, leaf-chewing insects strongly induced higher levels of secondary metabolites in leaves but had no impact on root chemistry. Nematode root herbivores, however, elicited changes in both leaves and roots. Virtually all secondary chemicals measured were elevated in nematode-induced galls, whereas the impact of root herbivory on foliar chemistry was highly variable and depended on where chemicals were produced within the plant. Importantly, nematodes interfered with aboveground metabolites that have biosynthetic sites located in roots (e.g., nicotine) but had the opposite effect (i.e., nematodes elevated foliar expression) on chemicals produced in shoots (e.g., phenolics and terpenoids). Results from our literature review suggest that, overall, constitutive defense levels are extremely similar when comparing leaves with roots, although certain chemical classes (e.g., alkaloids, glucosinolates) are differentially allocated between above- and belowground parts. Based on a meta-analysis of induced defense studies we conclude that: (1) foliar induction generates strong responses in leaves, but much weaker responses in roots, and (2) root induction elicits responses of equal magnitude in both leaves and roots. We discuss the importance of this asymmetry and the paradox of cross-system induction in relation to optimal defense theory and interactions between above- and belowground herbivory. 相似文献
86.
Sandra S. Embrey 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2001,37(2):407-421
ABSTRACT: Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci, and somatic coliphages were detected in samples from 31 sites on streams draining urban and agricultural regions of the Puget Sound Basin Lowlands. Densities of bacteria in 48 and 71 percent of the samples exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's freshwater recreation criteria for Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively, and 81 percent exceeded Washington State fecal coliform standards. Male‐specific coliphages were detected in samples from 15 sites. Male‐specific F+RNA coliphages isolated from samples taken at South Fork Thornton and Longfellow Creeks were serotyped as Group II, implicating humans as potential contaminant sources. These two sites are located in residential, urban areas. F+RNA coliphages in samples from 10 other sites, mostly in agricultural or rural areas, were serotyped as Group I, implicating non‐human animals as likely sources. Chemicals common to wastewater, including fecal sterols, were detected in samples from several urban streams, and also implicate humans, at least in part, as possible sources of fecal bacteria and viruses to the streams. 相似文献
87.
In this commentary, we discuss recent experiments on the reliability of bird song as a signal of aggressive intent during
territorial conflicts. We outline relevant theoretical views on honest signaling, highlighting the vulnerability handicap
hypothesis as a possible explanation for soft song’s reliability in predicting attack. We also sketch possible methods of
testing whether soft song agrees with key predictions of the vulnerability handicap hypothesis. Finally, we suggest possible
empirical refinements that may be useful in future studies of signals of intent, both in birds and in animals broadly. In
particular, we argue that future studies of intent should strive to incorporate the following elements into their experimental
design: (1) multi-modal signal components, (2) interaction dynamics, and (3) minimal time intervals. Simulated exchanges using
dynamically interactive models may provide a powerful means of incorporating all three of these design features simultaneously.
相似文献
Mark E. LaidreEmail: |
88.
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) or hydrotalcite (HT)-like compounds with different kinds of metal ions (Mg-Al and Mg-Fe) in the brucite-like sheets were prepared and their adsorption properties were studied in the boron removal from aqueous solution under laboratory conditions. The hydrotalcites were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and were characterized by chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and specific surface area measurements (BET). The affinity of these materials with a mixture of B(OH)(3) and B(OH)(4)(-) was studied as a function of contact time, initial pH of the solutions, HT quantity and B concentration (adsorption isotherms). It was found that 120 min is enough time for the equilibrium state to be reached in boron adsorption. Boron removal was independent of the initial pH of the solutions because of the high buffering capacity of the LDHs. On the other hand, the adsorption capacity increases with increasing the adsorbent quantity. The adsorption isotherms, described by the Langmuir model, are of L-type, suggesting that B(OH)(4)(-) is adsorbed preferentially on HT-like materials. Besides, Mg-Al hydrotalcites showed higher adsorption capacity than Mg-Fe. We proposed that in Mg-Al hydrotalcites, the boron removal occurs by both adsorption on external surface and ion exchange, whereas for Mg-Fe it occurs only by surface adsorption. After treatment of a solution containing 5.2 mgBl(-1) with Mg-Al hydrotalcites the final boron concentration reached the recommended limit by WHO for drinking water (0.5 mgl(-1)). 相似文献
89.
The global re-cycling of persistent organic pollutants is strongly retarded by soils 总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12
Ockende WA Breivik K Meijer SN Steinnes E Sweetman AJ Jones KC 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2003,121(1):75-80
'Persistent organic pollutants' (POPs) are semi-volatile, mobile in the environment and bioaccumulate. Their toxicity and propensity for long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) has led to international bans/restrictions on their use/release. LRAT of POPs may occur by a 'single hop' or repeated temperature-driven air-surface exchange. It has been hypothesised that this will result in global fractionation and distillation-with condensation and accumulation in polar regions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)--industrial chemicals banned/restricted in the 1970s--provide a classic illustration of POP behaviour. A latitudinally-segmented global PCB inventory has been produced, which shows that approximately 86% of the 1.3 x 10(6) tonnes produced was used in the temperate industrial zone of the northern hemisphere. A global survey of background surface soils gives evidence for 'fractionation' of PCBs. More significantly, however, very little of the total inventory has 'made the journey' via primary emission and/or air-surface exchange and LRAT out of the heavily populated source regions, in the 70 years since PCBs were first produced. Soils generally occlude PCBs, especially soils with dynamic turnover of C/bioturbation/burial mechanisms. This limits the fraction of PCBs available for repeated air-soil exchange. The forested soils of the northern hemisphere, and other C-rich soils, appear to be playing an important role in 'protecting' the Arctic from the advective supply of POPs. Whilst investigations on POPs in remote environments are important, it is imperative that researchers also seek to better understand their release from sources, persistence in source regions, and the significant loss mechanisms/global sinks of these compounds, if they wish to predict future trends. 相似文献
90.
Robert H. Hill Jr. Donald G. Patterson Donna L. Orti James S. Holler Larry L. Needham Sandra L. Sirmans 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):19-33
Abstract Soil samples obtained from the former polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) manufacturing site in Michigan were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The results indicate significant degradation of the PBB residue in the soil sample. The soil sample with the highest concentration of PBB has the greatest degree of degradation. Principal degradation products include 2,3’,4,4’,5‐pentabromo‐biphenyl, 2,2’,4,4’,5‐pencabromobiphenyl and two unidentified tetrabromobiphenyls. The degradation pattern observed supports a photochemical decomposition mechanism. These degraded residues may be more toxic than the original Firemaster residues. The implications of the results are discussed. 相似文献