Determination of the swimming trajectory and speed of chain-forming dinoflagellate <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cochlodinium polykrikoides</Emphasis> with digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry

The marine dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a harmful and highly motile algal species. To distinguish between the motility characteristics of solitary and chain-forming cells, the swimming trajectories and speeds of solitary cells and 2- to 8-cell chains of C. polykrikoides were measured using a digital holographic particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) technique. C. polykrikoides cells exhibited helical swimming trajectories similar to other dinoflagellate species. The swimming speed increased as the number of cells in the chain increased, from an average of 391 μm s⁻¹ (solitary cells) to 856 μm s⁻¹ (8-cell chain). The helix radius R and pitch P also increased as the number of cells in the chain increased. R increased from 9.24 μm (solitary cell) to 20.3 μm (8-cell chain) and P increased from 107 μm (solitary cell) to 164 μm (8-cell chain). The free thrust-generating motion of the transverse flagella and large drag reduction in the chain-forming cells seemed to increase the swimming speed compared to solitary cells. The measured swimming speeds agreed with those from field observations. The superior motility of chain-forming C. polykrikoides cells may be an important factor for its bloom, in addition to the factors reported previously.     

Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated soil

Liming materials have been used to immobilize heavy metals in contaminated soils. However, no studies have evaluated the use of eggshell waste as a source of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) to immobilize both cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of eggshell waste on the immobilization of Cd and Pb and to determine the metal availability following various single extraction techniques. Incubation experiments were conducted by mixing 0–5% powdered eggshell waste and curing the soil (1,246 mg Pb kg^?1 soil and 17 mg Cd kg^?1 soil) for 30 days. Five extractants, 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂), 1 M CaCl₂, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), 0.43 M acetic acid (CH₃COOH), and 0.05 M ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), were used to determine the extractability of Cd and Pb following treatments with CaCO₃ and eggshell waste. Generally, the extractability of Cd and Pb in the soils decreased in response to treatments with CaCO₃ and eggshell waste, regardless of extractant. Using CaCl₂ extraction, the lowest Cd concentration was achieved upon both CaCO₃ and eggshell waste treatments, while the lowest Pb concentration was observed using HCl extraction. The highest amount of immobilized Cd and Pb was extracted by CH₃COOH or EDTA in soils treated with CaCO₃ and eggshell waste, indicating that remobilization of Cd and Pb may occur under acidic conditions. Based on the findings obtained, eggshell waste can be used as an alternative to CaCO₃ for the immobilization of heavy metals in soils.     

Site selection of check dams using geospatial techniques in Debre Berhan region,Ethiopia — water management perspective

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Remote sensing and GIS technology were very helpful to determine an appropriate location of freshwater storage in Amhara, Ethiopia. The techniques...     

海岸侵蚀灾害评估方法探讨

探讨了海岸侵蚀灾害的评估方法,以及评估指标的选取和灾级的划分,特别提出了利用综合指数进行灾害评估的建议,采用１９９２年山东省海岸侵蚀灾害的有关资料和１９９１年有关区县的经济指标,对海岸侵蚀灾害进行了评估,采用经济总损失量,单位岸线损失量,人均损失量,国民生产总值损失率,国民收入损失率,预算内收入损失率,受灾率和土地损失等指标作为评估参数,将海岸侵蚀灾害分为特大灾,大灾,中灾,小灾,轻灾五种,依法给     

Growth dynamics of the seagrass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halophila nipponica</Emphasis>, recently discovered in temperate coastal waters of the Korean peninsula

Seagrass species in the genus Halophila are usually distributed in tropical or subtropical areas, but a Halophila species identified as H. nipponica was first observed in temperate coastal regions of Korea in 2007. Since this species mainly occurs in warm temperate regions influenced by warm currents, we hypothesized that H. nipponica may exhibit different growth patterns from those of other temperate seagrass species in Korea, instead showing similar growth dynamics to tropical/subtropical species. The growth and morphology of H. nipponica in relation to coincident measurements of environmental factors were investigated from July 2008 to September 2009 to examine the growth dynamics of this species. Water temperature at the study site ranged from 9.7°C in January to 25.1°C in August. Shoot density, biomass, and productivity exhibited significant seasonal variation, increasing during summer and decreasing during winter. Productivity was severely restricted to nearly ceasing at water temperatures less than 15°C, and winter minimum growth lasted until May. The optimal temperature for H. nipponica growth was approximately 25°C, which was the maximum water temperature at the study site, and no growth reduction in high summer water temperature was observed. Thus, H. nipponica on the temperate coast of Korea exhibited a distinctly different growth pattern from those of temperate seagrass species in Korea, which have shown great reductions in growth at water temperatures higher than 20°C. Higher below- to above-ground ratio and leaf burial into sediments with shorter leaf petioles during winter might be overwintering strategies in this species. The growth patterns of H. nipponica at the study site imply that this species still possess the tropical characteristics of the genus Halophila.     

Hierarchical modeling for extreme values observed over space and time

We propose a hierarchical modeling approach for explaining a collection of spatially referenced time series of extreme values. We assume that the observations follow generalized extreme value (GEV) distributions whose locations and scales are jointly spatially dependent where the dependence is captured using multivariate Markov random field models specified through coregionalization. In addition, there is temporal dependence in the locations. There are various ways to provide appropriate specifications; we consider four choices. The models can be fitted using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to enable inference for parameters and to provide spatio–temporal predictions. We fit the models to a set of gridded interpolated precipitation data collected over a 50-year period for the Cape Floristic Region in South Africa, summarizing results for what appears to be the best choice of model.

基于离散元法的能源管传热过程模拟

采用自主研发的离散元软件MatDEM,依据能源管桩的现场热响应试验,提出了能源桩离散元数值模拟的建模方法,对能源管桩的热响应试验过程进行了模拟研究,得到了桩周土体的位移分布,桩芯和桩周土体的温度分布,通过与现场实测数据的对比,验证了利用离散元法研究能源桩换热性能的有效性,该方法在研究能源桩与土体的热-力学行为特征方面具有广阔的应用前景。     

Feasibility of weeds-based compost-cultivated Agaricus bisporus北大核心CSCD

Making full use of local weed resources to produce Agaricus bisporus is of great importance in reducing production costs and protecting the environment. In this paper, three trial experiments were conducted on the basis of weed diversity investigation around the Miyun Reservoir and the adjustment of formulation and technology in the industrial production of A. bisporus. Compost samples from different phases of the composting process and at various cultivation stages were collected for the determination of their physical-chemical properties, lignocellulose content, lignocellulolytic enzyme activities, and bacterial communities enrichment by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The yield of mushrooms in each different trial was also calculated. The results showed several types of reservoir weeds with high, thick and hard stems. The saturated moisture of weeds was 76.78% after baling. The water content, carbon content, and C/N ratio of the samples decreased gradually during composting, but had little change during cultivation. The nitrogen content decreased at the end of phase I and increased at the end of phase II. During composting, the loss rates of hemicellulose and cellulose were both between 40% and 60%, and the loss rate of lignin was between 20% and 30%. During cultivation, instead, the loss rate of lignin was between 16% and 21%. The changes in the content of cellulose and hemicellulose of compost were consistent with that of the activity of the related degradation enzymes. A total of 432 595 valid sequences were obtained by Illumina sequencing for the samples derived from the three composting trials, and the average length of the sequences was 441 bp. Taxonomic analysis showed that the dominant bacteria were Prevotella (phylum Bacteroidetes), Bacillus (phylum Firmicutes), Thermus, Truepera, and Caldicoprobacter (phylum Deinococcus-Thermus), Thermopolyspora (phylum Actinobacteria), and Pseudoxanthomonas (phylum Proteobacteria). The yield of the three trials was in the range of 17.1-19.7 kg/m2. It is thus feasible to use reservoir weeds compost instead of wheat straw compost for the cultivation of A. bisporus. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

外加磷提高生物预处理效果的试验研究

利用国内研究较多的生物陶粒滤池预处理工艺,在我国北方某水库原水中添加微量的磷,考察磷对生物预处理的促进作用通过生物分析方法,发现在原水水样中添加50μg/L的PO₄^3--P(NaH₂PO₄)后,可以促进原水中细菌的生长,BDOC也有所增加,证明了原水中磷对细菌生长的限制因子作用陶粒滤池的实际运行结果表明,对于本试验所用原水,添加25μg/L的PO₄^3--P(H₃PO₄)后,生物陶粒滤池对水中CODMn的去除率平均提高4.7个百分点,UV254和TOC的去除率分别提高3.6和5.7个百分点.由此为提高生物预处理的运行效果提供了一个新的思路,也说明磷在饮用水中的作用需要引起重视.